Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Ischemic Disorders Employing Carbon Nanotube Technology

Table 1

Cardiovascular effects following exposure to carbon nanotubes. Toxicity of the CNTs depends on various factors such as dose, animal type, CNT size, functionalization, exposure duration, and exposure route.

Absolute dose	Dose (mg/kg)	Animal	Number	Diameter	Length	Characteristics	Exposure form	Exposure time	Effects	Type
—	0,064	Rat	8–10	0,9–1,7 nm	<1 μm	—	Tube feed	1 dose, 24 hrs	Modified nucleotides in the DNA of the lung and liver	SWCNT
10 μg	0,3	Mouse	—	—	—	Unfunctionalized	Intratracheal	1 dose	No significant effects	SWCNT
10 μg	0,4	Mouse	—	0,7–1,5 nm	1 μm	—	Pharyngeal instillation	1 dose, 60 days	Damage to mitochondrial DNA in the aorta	SWCNT
—	0,64	Rat	8–10	0,9–1,7 nm	<1 μm	—	Tube feed	1 dose, 24 hrs	Modified nucleotides in the DNA of the lung and liver	SWCNT
—	1	Rat	8	1,2–1,6 nm	2–5 nm	—	Intratracheal	2 doses over 4 weeks	Modified baroreflex, the influence of autonomic cardiovascular control	SWCNT
40 μg	1,3	Mouse	—	—	—	Unfunctionalized	Intratracheal	1 dose	Increase of creatine kinase, cardiac fibre degeneration	SWCNT
40 μg	1,3	Mouse	—	—	—	Acid-functionalized	Intratracheal	1 dose	Significant increase in size of infarction, creatine kinase, cardiac fibre degeneration	SWCNT
10 μg	1,3	Mouse	—	—	—	Acid-functionalized	Intratracheal	1 dose	No significant effects	SWCNT
40 μg	1,4	Mouse	—	0,7–1,5 nm	1 μm	—	Pharyngeal instillation	1 dose, 60 days	Damage to mitochondrial DNA	SWCNT
40 μg	1,5	Mouse	—	0,8–1,2 nm	0,1–1 μm	8,8 wt% iron	Pharyngeal aspiration	4 h	Local and systemic effect on inflammatory parameters	SWCNT
40 μg	1,5	Mouse	—	80 nm	10–20 μm	0,2% wt% iron	Pharyngeal aspiration	4 h	Local and systemic effect on inflammatory parameters	MWCNT
20 μg × 4	2,8	Mouse	—	0,7–1,5 nm	1 μm	—	Pharyngeal instillation	4 doses over 8 weeks	Atherosclerosis was increased in ApoE−/− transgenic mice Plaque formation in aorta, mtDNA damage	SWCNT

The table has been adapted from Gustavsson et al. 2011 [45].