Mechanisms of Cellular Effects Directly Induced by Magnetic Nanoparticles under Magnetic Fields

Table 1

In vitro and in vivo studies of different MNPs that have been treated with a variety of cell types under an AMF.

Kind of MNPs	Size of MNPs	Ration	Cell	Incubation time	Alternating Magnetic field		Exposure time	(°C)	Study type	Cell effects	Ref
					intensity	frequency
Fe2O3	30 nm	7.5 μg Fe	A549	24 h	208 A/m	1 MHz	20 min	5	In vitro	Eradicating target cancer cells	[6]
Fe3O4	12 nm	2.5 mg Fe	A549	1.5 h	6 kA/m	386 kHz	30 min	13	In vitro	Inducing the acute necrosis o and a slower, ROS-mediated cell death	[30]
Fe/Fe3O4	10 nm	360 μg Fe	B16-F10	—	5 kA/m	366 kHz	10 min	11	In vivo	A decrease in tumor size	[31]
Fe3O4	20–30 nm	363 μg Fe	Hela	24 h	20 kA/m	210 kHz	60 min	9	In vitro	Causing about 70% decrease of cell viability	[32]
Fe3O4	10 nm	~2.14–7.23 mg Fe	BT474	—	—	118 kHz	30 min	9	In vivo	Tumor regression was observed	[33]
Fe/MgO	75 nm	6.72 mg Fe	MDA cell	2 h	20 kA/m	765 kHz	10 min	9	In vitro	Increasing monotonically within the experimental time interval	[34]
Fe3O4	72 nm	6.53 mg Fe	Caco-2	Immediately	20 kA/m	238 kHz	120 min	8	In vitro	A significant decrease in cell viability	[35]
Fe3O4	20 nm	725.6 μg Fe	MCF7	2 h	23.3 kA/m	265 kHz	10 min	5	In vitro	Cell killing was further enhanced	[36]
Fe3O4	20 nm	62.5 mg/ml MNPs (half of tumor volume)	Walker-265	—	4.4 kA/m	180 kHz	30 min	15	In vivo	Tumor growth was inhibited and the survival of the tumor-bearing rats was promoted	[37]
As2O3/Fe3O4	50 nm	1 mg/ml MNPs (half of tumor volume)	Hela	—	—	230 kHz	30 min	8	In vivo	A significant inhibitory effect on the mass and volume of xenograft cervical tumors	[38]
CoFe2O4/MnFe2O4	15 nm	75 μg MNPs	U87	—	37.3 kA/m	500 kHz	10 min	9	In vivo	The therapeutic efficacy is superior to that of a common anticancer drug	[39]