Mechanisms of Cellular Effects Directly Induced by Magnetic Nanoparticles under Magnetic Fields

Table 2

Different MNPs under magnetic fields in the effect of mechanical force.

Role	Kind of MNPs	Average; size of MNPs	Ration	Cell	Magnetic field		Exposure time	Ref
					Intensity	Frequency
Mechanical force to destruct cells	Rod- Fe3O4	200 nm length; 50–200 nm; diameter	100 μg/ml	Hela cell	—	35 kHz; (high)	2 h	[40]
	Fe3O4	100 nm	10 mg/ml	Rat INS-1	30 mT	20 Hz (low)	20 min	[41]
	Iron/nickel microdiscs	1 μm diameter; 70 nm thickness	10 microdiscs/cell	N10 glioma cells	9 mT	<60 Hz (low)	10 min	[42]
	Iron/nickel microdiscs	2 μm diameter; 70 nm thickness	50 microdiscs/cell	U87 cell	1 T	20 Hz (low)	30 min	[43]
	MO-1	1.5 μm	10 (MO-1) : 1 (SA)	S. aureus (SA)	10 mT	2 Hz (low)	1 h	[44]
Drag force for regulation	Fe3O4	250 nm	50–200 μg/ml	COS-7	8 mT (5.5 T/m)	1 Hz (low)	—	[45]
	Zn0.4Fe2.6O4@SiO2	50 nm	0.1 mg/ml	Inner ear hair cells	10 mT, 1000 T/m	<10 kHz; (high)	—	[46]
	fMNPs	100 nm	1.25 g/cm^3	Cortical neurons	110 mT	—	—	[47]
Magnetic torque for regulation	Ferromagnetic microbead	—	—	Endothelial cell	0–25 Gs	—	—	[48]
	Ferromagnetic bead	4 μm	—	Mouse ESC	25 Gs	0.3 Hz (low)	1 h	[49]
Aggregation of cell regulation	Zn0.4Fe2.6O4	15 nm	1 pM	DLD-1 colon cancer cell	0.2 T	/	4 h	[50]
	Zn-MNPs	15 nm	4 μg	293-hTie2 cell	0.15 T	/	1 h	[51]
	Iron-dextran nanoparticle	50–100 nm	—	T cell	0.2 T	/	30 min	[52]
	Microbead	30 nm	—	Mast cells	0.1 T	/	~	[53]