Origin of Ferromagnetism in Ru and N Codoped TiO₂ Nanotubes: Experiments and Theory Investigations

Figure 2

SEM for Ru-N codoped samples (a) nanotubes film cross-sectional view, (b) nanotubes film bottom view, and (c) nanotubes film top view after 500°C annealing.

(a)

(b)

(c)