Preparation and Characterization of Pd Modified TiO₂ Nanofiber Catalyst for Carbon–Carbon Coupling Heck Reaction

Table 1

Selected Heck reaction of palladium supported on inorganic oxides.

Catalyst	ArX	Alkene	Base	ArX/alkene/base/Pd; Mol/mol/mol/mol	Solvent	T; °C	Time; h	Yield%	Selectivity		Ref
									Reg	Chemo
Pd/MgO	ArCl	Styrene	Na2CO3	7/1/0.33/2 × 10^−4	Methanol	150	5	32	42		[19]
Pd/Al2O3 6.06%	4-Nitrobenzoyl chloride	VBA	Et3N	1/2/1.2/2.5 × 10^−3	Dioxane	100	4	71	10	3.9	[20]
Pd/SiO2 1.22%	4-Nitrobenzoyl chloride	VBAr	Et3N	1/2/1.2/2.5 × 10^−3	Dioxane	100	4	51	10	3.2	[20]
Pd/Al2O3 5%	ArI	Acrylonitrile	Et3N	1/1/1/1 × 10^−2	Acetonitrile	140	14	72	3.3	20	[21]
Pd/MgO 5%	ArI	Acrylonitrile	Et3N	1/1/1/1 × 10^−2	Acetonitrile	140	14	78	3.5	10	[21]
Pd/MgO 5%	ArBr	Styrene	NaOAc	1/1.5/1.2/1 × 10^−3	DMA	140	20	36.5	12.5	112	[14]
Pd/ZnO 4.5%	ArBr	Styrene	NaOAc	1/1.5/1.2/1 × 10^−3	DMA	140	20	33.3	11.8	101	[14]
Pd/TiO2 4.3%	ArBr	Styrene	NaOAc	1/1.5/1.2/1 × 10^−3	DMA	140	20	41.2	12.7	95	[14]
Pd/ZrO2 5.5%	ArBr	Styrene	NaOAc	1/1.5/1.2/1 × 10^−3	DMA	140	20	49.1	12.3	112	[14]
Pd/TiO2 1%	ArBr	Styrene	Et3N	1/1.2/2/1.0	DMF	140	24	91			[13]
Pd/TiO2 0.26%	ArBr	Methyl acrylate	KOAc	0.5/0.6/0.6/5 × 10^−1	DMA	140	24	79			[12]
Pd/TiO2 5%	ArI	Styrene	NaOAc	4.44/6.69/7.23/5 × 10^−2	NMP	160		90			[22]
Pd/TiO2 1%	ArBr	Styrene	NaOAc	1/1.2/2 × 10^−2	DMF	140	6	89.7			This paper
Pd/TiO2 1%	ArBr	Methyl acrylate	NaOAc	1/1.2/2 × 10^−2	DMF	140	6	80.6			This paper

Et₃N: triethylamine; ArBr: bromobenzene; ArI: iodobenzene; VBA: vinyl butyl ether; DMA: dimethylacetamide; NMP: N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.