Experimental Evaluation of Oxide Nanoparticles as Friction and Wear Improvement Additives in Motor Oil

Figure 14

Energy dispersive X-ray spectra inside the test tracks on the cylinder liner segment for (a) PAO, (b) fully formulated 5W-30, (c) PAO + TiO₂, and (d) PAO + Al₂O₃.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)