Review Article
Synthesis Approaches of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: The Dilemma of Ecotoxicity
Table 2
Frequently employed capping agents and stabilizers.
| Capping agents/stabilizers | Inherent toxicity | Toxicity reported by | Reference of utility in ZnO NP synthesis |
| Triethyl amine | Reversible ocular effects including corneal swelling and halo vision in humans | [119] | [120] [121] [122] | Oleic acid | Promote apoptosis and necrosis, mitochondrial depolarization, lipid accumulation, and overexpression of C-MYC and P53 | [123] | [124] [125] [126] | Thioglycerol | Irritant for skin, eye and inhalation; Hazardous in case of ingestion | [127] | [128] [129] [130] | EDTA | Cytotoxic and genotoxic | [131] [132] | [133] [134] [135] | Tetraethyl ammoniumbromide | Tremors, incoordination, flaccid prostration, and death from respiratory failure in animals | [136] | [137] [138] [139] | Tetraethyl orthosilicate | Highly damaging to eyes | [140] | [141] [142] [143] | Polyethylene glycol (PEG) | Immunogenic | [144] | [11] [145] [137] | Polyethylene phthalate (PEP) | Endocrine disruptor | [146] | [147] [148] [149] | Ethylene glycol | Adversely affects reproduction and development | [150] | [11] [151] [152] | Gelatin | Toxic | [153] | [154] [155] | Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) | Toxic | [156] [157] | [158] [159] [160] | Polyvinyl pyrrolidine (PVP) | Weight increase in lab mice | [161] | [162] [163] [164] |
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