Exosomes: A Paradigm in Drug Development against Cancer and Infectious Diseases

Table 3

Examples of infectious disease where pathogen-derived exosomes play a role in pathogenesis.

Disease causing agents	Name of disease	Exosomes role	Ref.
Leishmania spp.	Leishmaniasis	Spread virulence factors	[20]
HIV	AIDS	CD4+ T cells transinfection and delivery of Nef to by stander cells	[21]
Prion protein	Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies	Virulent factors delivery to normal cells	[22]
Cryptococcus neoformans	Cryptococcosis	Virulence factors spread and polysaccharide capsule formation	[23]
Histoplasma capsulatum	Ascomycota opportunistic fungal pathogens	Spread virulence factor in intracellular and extracellular space and promote virulence and provide stress response and fungal growth	[24]
C. Albicans,	Oral, vaginal, and systemic infections	Help in growth, Spread virulence and enhance pathogenicity	[25]
C. parapsilosis	Candidiasis
S. schenckii	RTI
S. cerevisiae	Rarely pathogenic
Trypanosoma cruzi		Surface antigens spread during pathogenicity with membrane vesicles	[26]
HCV	Chronic HCV	v RNA transfer in normal cells	[27]