Controlled Release of Ursodeoxycholic Acid from Pullulan Acetate Nanoparticles to Modulate Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity in PC-12 Cells

Figure 5

Evaluation of (a) the toxic concentration of glutamate, (b) the safety concentrations of UDCA, (c) the UDCA-PA nanospheres, and (d) the neuroprotective effects of the UDCA-PA nanospheres on the glutamate-induced cell death in PC-12 cells. The cell viability of glutamate (2–10 mM) after exposure to PC-12 cells for 24 h ( and versus Con) and UDCA (1–250 μg/mL) and the UDCA-PA nanospheres (1–50 μg/mL) after exposure to PC-12 cells for 24 h were evaluated. The neuroprotective effects of the UDCA-PA nanospheres (1–50 μg/mL) against glutamate- (5 mM) induced cell death in PC-12 cells for 24 h were evaluated (, , and versus glutamate-treated). Data represent the mean ± SEM from three independent experiments in triplicate. All data are presented as mean ± SE of the means (SEMs). The statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Results with values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

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