Controlled Release of Ursodeoxycholic Acid from Pullulan Acetate Nanoparticles to Modulate Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity in PC-12 Cells

Scheme 1

Schematic representation of the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid-loaded pullulan acetate nanoparticles. (a) Chemical structure of pullulan; (b) synthesis of pullulan acetate in the presence of acetic anhydride, pyridine, and formamide; and (c) incorporation of ursodeoxycholic acid into pullulan acetate nanoparticles by microemulsion method.