Review Article

Recent Progress on Mg- and Zn-Based Alloys for Biodegradable Vascular Stent Applications

Table 3

Recent studies on degradation of Mg alloys.

AlloySurface modificationCorrosion and compatibility testsResults

JDBM [34]Nanoscale MgF2 film coating.Artificial plasma; 2.5-3.5 kg, sex-unlimited, 3-4-month-old, healthy, clean New Zealand white rabbits.The corrosion rate of coated JDBM exposed to artificial plasma was reduced from to .
Excellent tissue compatibility of adequately reendothelialized stent with no sign of thrombogenesis and restenosis in the stent-supported vessel.
AZ31 [37]PCUU; PLGA; PEUU coatings.Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (P/S), and 100 U/mL lipase solution; whole ovine blood for blood contacting test.The PCUU-coated Mg stents exhibited improved corrosion resistance compared with the uncoated and PLGA-coated stents; the PCUU-coated Mg stents exhibited reduced thrombotic deposition versus the uncoated and PLGA-coated stents; the release of paclitaxel from the PCUU coating effectively inhibited rSMC proliferation.
AZ31 [38]The first and third layers were low molecular weight dextran loaded with sirolimus, and the second layer was PGA.DC polarization and immersion tests; culturing cells for indirect cell viability and cell proliferation tests; hemolysis assay for blood compatibility.Coating increased the corrosion resistance, cell viability, and proliferation rate and was nonhemolytic; the released sirolimus had no obvious effect on cell viability but could inhibit cell proliferation.
WE43 [39]3.6 μg/mm paclitaxel by ultrasonic modification.Iliac artery of New Zealand white rabbits with weight of 2.5-3.0 kg.The corrosion rate was fast in PBS, deployment was safe, and endothelial coverage occurred after 42 days; the corrosion rate needs to be slower or the mechanical properties require improvement to scaffold the arteries for 183 days.
Mg-Zn-Y-Nd [40]Lower layer: MgF2; upper layer: polydopamine.Immersion test and electrochemical test.Coated Mg stents exhibited a dramatic corrosion rate improvement in electrochemical and immersion degradation tests for 14 days; coating created favorable environment for ECs to have competitive advantage over vascular smooth muscle cells.
Mg-Zn-Y-Nd [41]AA-PEUU; Arg-Leu-PEUUs.Long-term immersion and electrochemical tests by standard Hank’s solution ( at 37°C); HUVEC and HASMC for in vitro cytocompatibility.Arg-Leu-PEUU-coated Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloys improved corrosion resistance, reduced hemolysis rate and platelet adhesion, and exhibited better cytocompatibility with better cellular morphology, proliferation, and biofunctionality in in vitro experiment.
Mg-Zn-Y-Zn [42]BTSE; APTES; PLGA.Electrochemical measurements and long-term immersion tests; VSMC and HUVEC for cell adhesion and cell viability tests.The anticorrosion capacity was greatly enhanced by coating; pre-treated PLGA coating as modified PLGA coating was effective in improving the corrosion behavior and biocompatibility.

PCUU: poly(carbonate urethane) urea; PEUU: poly(ester urethane) urea; PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); AA-PEUU: amino acid-based poly(ester urea urethane); PGA: polyglutamic acid; Arg-Leu-PEUUs: arginine-leucine-based poly(ester urea urethane); BTSE: bistriethoxysilylethane; APTES: amino-propyltrimethoxysilane; HUVEC: human umbilical vein endothelial cell line; HASMC: human aortic vascular smooth muscle primary cell; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cells.