Development of New Carbon-Based Electrode Material from Oil Palm Waste-Derived Reduced Graphene Oxide and Its Capacitive Performance Evaluation

<div>(a) Specific capacitance versus cycle number for the rGOEFB-E1 electrode at GCD current density of <svg height="11.9413pt" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-0.3499002pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 40.5586 11.9413" width="40.5586pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M447 623H65C61 580 56 530 47 475H76C100 541 106 550 172 550H388C308 376 196 170 91 -1L98 -12L172 -2C268 204 360 408 455 611L447 623Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.148,0)"><path d="M528 54L331 254L528 455L492 493L294 291L96 493L60 455L257 254L60 54L96 16L294 217L492 16L528 54Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.684,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.924,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,32.211,-5.741)"><path d="M300 253H71L57 198H286L300 253Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,35.463,-5.741)"><path d="M141 347C171 480 264 541 327 570C364 587 403 599 436 605L429 641C389 634 339 622 300 609C191 570 37 458 37 239C37 86 126 -12 245 -12C367 -12 454 89 454 210C454 314 380 397 272 397C252 397 230 390 208 380L141 347ZM231 338C323 338 366 257 366 174C366 108 340 27 263 27C180 27 129 123 129 244C129 268 130 292 135 310C158 323 193 338 231 338Z"></path></g></svg> A g<sup>-1</sup>; (b) Nyquist plots of all the reduced graphene oxide electrodes using the sinusoidal signal of 10 mV over the frequency range from 0.01 Hz to 1 mHz. The inset represents their magnified dimension in the higher frequency region. The real impedance is marked as <svg height="11.4859pt" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 12.9249 11.4859" width="12.9249pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M669 636L663 650H260C230 650 221 652 208 675H186C177 621 162 548 144 481L173 479C195 534 211 560 226 578C248 604 266 615 373 615H544C460 511 114 112 23 16L31 0H561C577 34 611 135 622 170L594 182C566 125 544 88 515 65C481 38 416 35 319 35C249 35 197 37 152 41C270 184 542 501 669 636Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.996,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg> while the imaginary impedance as <span class="nowrap"><svg height="11.4859pt" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 15.9757 11.4859" width="15.9757pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M669 636L663 650H260C230 650 221 652 208 675H186C177 621 162 548 144 481L173 479C195 534 211 560 226 578C248 604 266 615 373 615H544C460 511 114 112 23 16L31 0H561C577 34 611 135 622 170L594 182C566 125 544 88 515 65C481 38 416 35 319 35C249 35 197 37 152 41C270 184 542 501 669 636Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.996,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.035,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>.</span></div>

Journal of Nanomaterials

fig12

Figure 12

Figure 12: Development of New Carbon-Based Electrode Material from Oil Palm Waste-Derived Reduced Graphene Oxide and Its Capacitive Performance Evaluation 

Figure 12 | Development of New Carbon-Based Electrode Material from Oil Palm Waste-Derived Reduced Graphene Oxide and Its Capacitive Performance Evaluation 