Improving Electrochemical Activity in a Semi-V-I Redox Flow Battery by Using a C–TiO₂–Pd Composite Electrode

Figure 9

Cyclic efficiency diagram for a semi-V-I RFB system with Nafion 117 as a separated membrane, a C–TiO₂–Pd composite electrode as a negative electrode, and carbon paper as a positive electrode with a 1 M iodine/1 wt% vitamin C negative electrolyte and a 1 M VOSO₄/2 M H₂SO₄ positive electrolyte, and a current density of 20 mA cm⁻².