Enhancement of Through-Thickness Thermal Transport in Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Laminates due to the Synergetic Role of Carbon Nanofiber Z-Threads

Table 2

Comparison of CFRP through-thickness thermal conductivity reported in the literature.

Data source	Unmodified CFRPs (control samples)				Nanoparticle-modified CFRPs
	Fiber type	Layup	Fiber volume fraction	(W/m-K)	Nanoparticle type	Nanoparticle concentration	(W/m-K)
[11]	T300 UD	UD	58%	0.65	MWCNT	1 wt%	0.63
						3 wt%	0.62
					GNP	1 wt%	0.65
						3 wt%	0.68
						5 wt%	0.73
						10 wt%	0.86
						15 wt%	0.96
[23]	Sigmatex 2/2 TW	Plain weave	45%	0.39	GNP	1 vol%	0.42
					SNP	0.05 vol%	0.46
					SNW	0.05 vol%	0.42
					GNP/SNP	0.95 vol%/0.05 vol%	0.54
					GNP/SNW	0.95 vol%/0.05 vol%	0.54
[24]	SIGRAFIL® CE 1222-255-37 UD prepreg	UD	60%	1.07	Carbon black dispersed in ethylene glycol monomethyl ether	0.4 wt%	2.27
						0.6 wt%	2.40
						0.8 wt%	3.34
						1.0 wt%	2.15
						1.2 wt%	1.54
		Crossply	60%	1.04		0.4 wt%	1.76
						0.6 wt%	1.96
						0.8 wt%	2.23
						1.0 wt%	1.87
						1.2 wt%	1.60
[25]	Pyrofil TR50S UD	Crossply (0.1 MPa curing pressure)	58%	0.729	Carbon black	0.8 wt%	0.89
					SWCNT	0.4 wt%	0.91
					Chopped K-1100 carbon fiber	0.8 wt%	0.90
		Crossply (2.0 MPa curing pressure)	65%	1.091	Carbon black	0.8 wt%	1.21
					SWCNTs	0.4 wt%	1.45
					Chopped K-1100 carbon fiber	0.8 wt%	1.44
[26]	T300-40D PW	Plain weave	65%	0.77	Aligned MWCNT/epoxy interleaves	18-22 vol% (3 unmodified plies & 2 interleaves)	1.10
						18-22 vol% (7 unmodified plies & 6 interleaves)	1.18
This study	AS4 UD	UD	76%	1.308	HHT CNF (unaligned)	1 wt%	3.61
					HHT CNF z-threads	1 wt%	9.85

UD: unidirectional; GNP: graphite nanoplatelet; SNW: silver nanowire; SNP: silver nanoparticle; MWCNT: multiwalled carbon nanotube; SWCNT: single-walled carbon nanotube.