3D Nanostructures for Tissue Engineering, Cancer Therapy, and Gene Delivery

Table 2

Carbon nanotubes used in the manufacture of bone tissues.

Method of NP synthesis	Type of NPs	Cell type	Mechanical strength (MPa)	Application	Ref.
In situ hybrid CNTs with bacterial cellulose (BC)	BC	Osteogenic cells	0.474	In situ	[63]
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)	Hydroxyapatite	Osteoblastic and fibroblast (L-929) cells	89	In situ	[64]
Thermal	Hydroxyapatite	Human osteoblast sarcoma cell lines	—	In vitro	[65]
CVD	Graphene (G) nanosheets and HAp-polyether ether ketone (PEEK)	MG-63 cells and human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs)	78.65	In vitro	[66]
Freeze-drying method	Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)	Osteoblast cells		In vitro	[67]
Freeze-drying method	Polysaccharide HAp	MG 63 cell line	0.222	In vitro	[68]
Thermal	Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)	MG63 osteoblast-like cells	3.5	In vitro	[69]