Therapeutic Nanomaterials for Neurological Diseases and Cancer Therapy

Table 2

List of nanomaterials in cancer therapy.

Type	Nanomaterials	Drugs delivered	Disease	Findings	Disadvantages	References
Lipid-based nanomaterials	Liposomal annamycin	Annamycin	Acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia	Bypass multidrug resistance mechanisms of cellular drug resistance	Diarrhea, typhlitis, and nausea	[148]
	Liposomal doxorubicin	Doxorubicin	Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma	Prolong systemic circulation, a ligand for cell-specific targeting, and an imaging agent for diagnosis	Induce infusion reactions about activating the complement cascade	[149]
	Liposomal vincristine	Vincristine	Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma	Reduce neurotoxicity and increase dose intensity delivery	The risk of peripheral neuropathy	[150]
	Liposomal cisplatin	Cisplatin	Progressive osteogenic sarcoma metastatic to the lung	High reactivity, affinity to biomolecules, and low release rate at the tumor site	Possible immune-related reactions or the blood clearance in the case of PEGylated liposomes	[151]
	Docetaxel-loaded solid lipid nanomaterials	Docetaxel	Breast cancer; Lung metastasis	High stability for at least 120 days	Short lifespan, poor durability, poor encapsulation	[152]
	Cisplatin-loaded solid lipid nanomaterials	Cisplatin	Breast cancer	Overcome dose-related toxicity, enhance targeting	Require additional microwave-assisted equipment	[153]
Polymeric nanomaterials	HPMA copolymer—DACH platinate	ProLindac	Ovarian cancer	Increase platinum accumulation in tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention effect	Nausea and vomiting	[154]
	Polymer-lipid hybrid nanomaterials	Doxorubicin	Solid tumors	Prolong drug release, enhance systemic half-life, decrease toxicity, and targeted drug delivery	Potential biotoxicity of nanomaterials	[155]
	Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)	Docetaxel	Prostate cancers	Have good biocompatibility and effective cancer cell inhibition ability	Have potential biotoxicity due to slow drug clearance	[156]
	Folic acid-PAMAM dendrimers	Methotrexate	Epithelial cancer	Increase its antitumor activity and markedly decreased its toxicity	The optimal dose of targeted drug has not been definitively established	[157]
	Poly(glycerol-succinic acid) dendrimers	Camptothecin	Various cancers	Enhance anticancer activity	Limit water solubility and resulting suboptimal pharmacokinetics	[158]
	Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanomaterials	Doxorubicin	Liver cancer	Enhance the biological effects of doxorubicin	Certain hepatorenal toxicity	[159]
	AOT-alginate nanomaterials	Doxorubicin	Breast cancer	Enhancement of therapeutic effect	Some cardiotoxicity	[160]
	Glycol chitosan nanomaterials	Doxorubicin	Solid tumors	Exhibit excellent tumor-homing efficacy, an effective strategy to overcome multidrug resistance	Low solubility	[161]
Inorganic nanomaterials	Anti-HER2 antibody-targeted gold nanomaterials	Nanoshell-assisted infrared photothermal therapy	Metastatic breast cancer	Retain high antimitotic potency, which could contribute to a higher therapeutic index in high EPR tumors	Potential biotoxicity	[162]
	Silica-based nanomaterials	Organotin metallodrug	Breast cancer	Reduce hepatic and renal toxicity	Some hepatic and renal toxicity	[163]
	Aminosilane-coated iron oxide nanomaterials	Thermotherapy	Brain tumors	Low toxicity, the possibility of radical cure	Complex operation, need further exploration	[164]
	Nanocrystalline 2-methoxyestradiol	Panzem NCD	Various cancers	Delivery of poorly water-soluble drug	Fatigue, nausea, mild transaminitis, and dysgeusia	[165, 166]
	ND-biopolymer nanocomposites	Doxorubicin	Liver cancer	Prolong and continue release of antitumor drugs	Complicated technology	[167]
Special category	Paclitaxel nanomaterials in porous	Paclitaxel	Solid tumors	Favorable preclinical safety and antitumor activity profiles	Fatigue, alopecia, nausea, vomiting, neuropathy, anorexia, and myalgia	[168]
	Albumin-bound nanomaterials	Doxorubicin, methotrexate	Various cancers	Decrease the glycolysis and metabolic tumor volume	Decrease antibody presence in the general circulation, which might lead to undesirable effects	[169]