|
| Name | Method | Advantage | Disadvantage | Ref. |
|
| Ultracentrifuge | (1) Low speed to remove cells and apoptotic debris
(2) High speed to eliminate larger vesicles
(3) Higher speed to precipitate exosomes | (1) The gold standard for exosome extraction
(2) Simple operation | (1) A lot of materials need to be prepared in the early stage
(2) The exosome yield is low
(3) Repeated centrifugation causes damage to exosome vesicles and reduces its quality
(4) Soluble proteins can form clumps with exosomes and cause pollution | [78] |
|
| Concentration gradient centrifugation | In different liquid density intervals, each particle will eventually stay at the same position as its own density | Compared with ultracentrifugation, the recovery rate and purity are higher | Same as above | [78, 82] |
|
| Ultrafiltration | Using ultrafiltration membranes with different molecular weight (MWCO) for separation, small molecular substances will be filtered to the other side of the membrane | Simple and efficient without affecting the biological activity of exosomes | (1) The adhesion of the filter membrane may lose exosomes
(2) The pressure and shearing force during filtration may cause of the damage of exosomes | [80] |
|
| Immunomagnetic bead | By incubating with magnetic beads coated with antimarker antibodies, exosomes can be adsorbed and separated | (1) High specificity
(2) Easy to operate
(3) Not affecting the exosomal morphological integrity | (1) Low efficiency
(2) Biological activity is easily affected by pH and salt concentration
(3) Not conducive to downstream experiments | [79] |
|
| Size-exclusion chromatography | With columns filled with porous polymer microspheres, molecules pass through the microspheres according to their diameter. Molecules with a small radius take longer to migrate through the pores of the column | Exosomes are not affected by shear forces | (1) Time-consuming
(2) Not suitable for large sample processing
(3) Special equipment required | [81] |
|
