A h-BCN for Electrochemical Sensor of Dopamine and Uric Acid

Bi, Yun-Shuai; Liu, Bo; Liu, Xu-Ying; Qin, Ying; Zou, Ben-Xue

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4604820

Journal of Nanomaterials

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Abstract Introduction Results and Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 4604820 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4604820

A h-BCN for Electrochemical Sensor of Dopamine and Uric Acid

Yun-Shuai Bi,¹Bo Liu,¹Xu-Ying Liu,¹Ying Qin,¹and Ben-Xue Zou¹

Academic Editor: Yoke K. Yap

Received17 Sept 2019

Accepted26 Dec 2019

Published16 Jan 2020

Abstract

A hexagonal boron carbon nitride hybrid (h-BCN) is developed by in situ high-temperature solid-state reaction and subsequent chemical reduction with hydrazine. The XRD and TEM results show that the h-BCN features interlayered structures with two characteristic -spacing of 0.33 and 0.21 nm. The obtained h-BCN exhibits significant electrochemical sensor for dopamine and uric acid. The cyclic voltammetric and amperometric experiments revealed a good linear relationship between current densities and concentrations of dopamine (DA) of 10-300 μM and uric acid (UA) of 10-500 μM, with high sensitivities of 0.14 μA/μM and 0.32 μA/μM and detection limits of 5 μM and 2 μM, respectively.

1. Introduction

Graphene, a two-dimensional monolayer of carbon atom arranged in honeycomb network, has attracted tremendous attention due to its unique properties such as novel electronic properties, excellent mechanical flexibility, large surface area, and high thermal conductivity and chemical stability [1–4]. An infinite pristine graphene is semimetal with zero gap because its conduction and valence bands connect each other near the Dirac points. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), known as “white graphite,” is generally considered to be an electrically insulator with a wide bandgap of 5.97 eV [5, 6]. The 2D structure of h-BN is very similar to the graphene layer bonding with two different chemical species of boron and nitrogen atoms. It displays excellent thermal conductivity, good mechanical properties, and excellent chemical stability [7–10]. It had been widely used as solid lubricant in cosmetics, thermal conductivity filler in polymer, and additive materials in the ceramics and aerospace field. It is worth noted that the monolayer h-BN behaves semiconducting nature theoretically and experimentally based on the fact that electron tunneling through few-layer h-BN along the -axis and injection of mobile charge carriers at high field in 2D crystal [11, 12].

Hybridization of h-BN with graphene layers may effectively monitor the bandgap of h-BN or open up of graphene bandgap, which gives rise to a new novel class of semiconductor material of hybrid boron carbon nitride (BCN) superlattic interlayered structures [13–16]. It has been demonstrated that semiconductor materials are most likely to form an electric double layers at the interface between the solid-state electrode and electrolyte solution. The interfacial electron transfer across semiconductor-liquid interfaces plays an important role in photoelectrocatalysis and electrocatalysis. The structural defects and surface state of the semiconductor electrode may have a dramatic effect on the mechanism of electron transfer. The different electronegativities of B, C, and N atoms result in desirable charge transfer and electronic properties in different kinds of BCN structures. The slightly larger B-N bond length (1.7%) than that of C-C bond makes it possible for alloying the h-BN with C atom with minimal internal stress [17].

Hybridized 2D h-BCN has two main structures. One kind is an alloyed BCN by substitution of C in graphene by B and N [18, 19]. The other is alloying BN and graphene in the phase-segregated BCN in which BN (graphene) retains its own phase and separated by graphene (BN) [20–22]. Depending on the growth process, different types of alloying are possible. Thus, preparation and characterization of h-BCN semiconductor has been of increasing interest in recent years. Ci et al. used the thermal catalytic CVD growth method with NH₃–BH₃ as precursors to obtain large area of 2D h-BCN films on Cu substrate [23]. They found that a wide range of compositions may be engineered to build new semiconducting 2D architectures, which enables the development of bandgap-engineered applications in electronics and optics and properties that are distinct from those of graphene and h-BN. Chegel investigated the nature of BN and BN/graphene bilayers by using the tight binding approximation and Green function method. It had been revealed that BN/graphene bilayers have smaller gap and larger electrical conductivity than that of BN bilayers [24]. Saha et al. reported SAA functioned GO/h-BN superlattice electrode with high specific capacitance of ~1300 F g^-1 for supercapacitor applications [25]. F-doped h-BN/rGO superlattice through the transition from n- to p-type semiconductor with the specific capacitance of 1250 F g^-1 for supercapacitors was also been explored by them [26]. They proposed that the h-BN/rGO superlattice behaved like n-type semiconductor due to the enriched electron density at the conduction band. In this work, a facial method was presented for preparation of layered h-BCN and corresponding structures and electrochemical sensor properties for DA and UA were studied. The proposed method possesses mild reaction condition without using ammoniums gas and low cost. The constructed h-BCN electrode exhibits excellent sensor properties for electrochemical detection of dopamine and uric acid suggesting a good prospect for practical applications.

2. Experimental Section

2.1. Synthesis of h-BCN

The hexagonal boron carbon nitride (h-BCN) was prepared with anhydrous borax, melamine, and the low-molecular weight phenolic resin as starting materials. The low-molecular weight phenolic resin was prepared as our previous reports, followed by freeze drying for 2 h to avoid the agglomeration. Anhydrous borax, melamine, and the low molecular weight phenolic resin were milled with a weight ratio of 1 : 1 : 0.5 using ball mill for 2 h at a rotation speed of 500 rpm. The mixed solid was heated in the air at 300°C for 2 hours. Then, the sample was calcinated at a tube furnace at 700°C for 1 h, 800°C for 1 h, and 900°C for 2 h under pure N₂ atmosphere, through temperature-programmed route with a heating rate of 10°C/min. The N₂ flow rate was adjusted 5~10 ml/min. The as-made composite was then placed in a hydrazine solution to reduce oxygen functional group, followed by filtration, drying in the air, and finally ball mill mixing for 2 h. The obtained powder was donated as h-BCN.

2.2. Synthesis of h-BN

Typically, anhydrous borax and melamine with a weight ratio of 10 : 7 was first mixed with ball mill for 2 h. The mixed solid was heated in the air at 300°C for 2 hours and then calcinated at a tube furnace at 700°C for 1 h, 800°C for 1 h, and 900°C for 2 h under pure nitrogen atmosphere, through temperature-programmed route with a heating rate of 10°C/min. The obtained solid was washed with water to remove the residual boron oxide and filtered through a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane, and the resulting solids were washed with water for several times, followed by drying at 50°C in vacuum for 12 h and ball mill mixing for 2 h. The obtained powder was donated as h-BN.

2.3. Materials Characterization

Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were recorded using a Nicolet Nexus 470 FTIR spectrophotometer (Thermo Nicolet, USA). The morphologies of the samples were investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Carl Zeiss, Germany) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, JEM2010-HR, 200 kV). X-ray diffraction measurement (XRD) was conducted to determine the crystal structures of the samples. XPS spectra were recorded on Thermo ECSALAB 250 electron spectrometer using Al Kα radiation (1486.6 eV). The UV-vis spectra were recorded on an Analytik Jena SPECORD S600 UV-vis spectrometer (Germany).

2.4. Electrochemical Measurement

All the electrochemical experiments were performed on CHI 660E potentiostat (China) in a conventional three-electrode system with a platinum wire as the counter electrode and saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as the reference electrode. Carbon cloth was used as the working electrode’s current collector. Before used, the carbon cloth was cleaned by acetone and water several times. The h-BCN-modified carbon cloth electrodes (h-BCN/carbon cloth) were prepared by pasting the as-prepared h-BCN powders with an inactive carbon colloid binder on the carbon cloth. The cyclic voltammograms (CVs) and amperometric were recorded in deoxygenated phosphate-buffered solution (pH 6.8) at room temperature. The CV was performed from -0.2 to 0.8 V with a scan rate of 10 mV/s.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Characterization of h-BCN

Figure 1 shows the FTIR spectra of the obtained h-BNC and h-BN. The strong band at 1365 cm^-1 is attributed to the characteristic stretching mode of B-N [14, 15]. The band at 3130 cm^-1 is assigned to be the stretching mode of the C-H group [7]. The bands appeared at 1630, 986, and 757 cm^-1 are attributed to the stretching of the C-N group [27, 28]. The prepared h-BNC sample has the same mode of the B-N-B group with the BN sample. These results show that the B-N and C-N groups presented in the prepared h-BNC sample.

The morphology of the h-BNC sample was inspected by FESEM and TEM. SEM images shown in Figure 2(a) presented numbers of blocks aggregated by several platelet structures with average diameter of about 2 μM. The low magnification TEM images, as shown in Figure 2(b), of the h-BCN are transparent to an electron beam due to their thin layered shapes. High-resolution TEM imaging further revealed thin graphene-liked multilayer sheets or lamellar structures of h-BCN (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)). The two different interlayer lattice fringes of 0.34 nm and 0.21 nm were clearly observed within the h-BCN, indicating the h-BCN layer is well crystallized. The lattice fringes of 0.34 nm (marked in black circles) and 0.2 nm (red circles) should be associated with the -spacing of (002) and (100) planes in the BN-like or graphite-like crystal structure [26]. TEM images also exhibit thin disordered and open edges consisting of interlinked layer structures. The large number of these exposed edges of planes can be regarded as reactive sites for the enhanced electrochemical behaviors.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

The XRD patterns of the h-BCN sample showed characteristic diffraction peaks of hexagonal BNC (JCPDS no. 00-052-0233) in Figure 3. The diffraction peaks at 26.3° and 41.1° correspond to (002) and (100) lattice planes within h-BCN crystal structures [27–29]. The lattice d-spacing of (002) and (100) plane is about 0.34 and 0.21 nm, respectively, which is consistent with the observations from TEM results. The diffraction peaks appeared at 14.7°, 26.3°, 41.5°, 50.7°, and 82.1° can be indexed to the planes of hexagonal BN (JCPDS no. 01-074-1978). The diffraction peaks at 26.3°, 41.5°, 50.7°, and 82.1° can be assigned to the planes of hexagonal graphite C (JCPDS no. 00-023-0064). These remarkable diffraction peaks for h-BCN sample are similar to the characteristic diffraction peaks of hexagonal graphite carbon and h-BN, indicating that the obtained h-BNC possess well-hybridized structures of h-BN and graphite carbon. The strong diffraction at 26.3° revealed the 2D layered structures of h-BCN sample. The sample of h-BCN reveals an increase in the width of the reflection at 26.3° and slight deviation toward smaller diffraction band, indicating the more amounts of C atoms within the h-BCN lattice crystals than that of h-BN, leading to an increase in the crystal lattice spacing and the formation of a new h-BCN superlattice structures. In addition, the strong diffraction peaks of (002), together with many other small diffraction peaks, suggest the 2D superlattice structures of h-BCN coexisting with a large number of lamellar stacking.

The Raman spectra for h-BCN and h-BN (Figure 4) exhibit the similar G band at 1610 cm^-1 and 2D at 2873 cm^-1. The D band at 1367 cm^-1 appears to be overlapped with the G band. The G band at 1610 cm^-1 reflects the presence of graphite-like structures, symmetrical characterization, or crystallization degree [25, 30, 31]. The 2D band at 2873 cm^-1 is associated with the graphitic-like structures. The D, G, and 2D bands for the h-BCN appear to be more prominent than those of h-BN, indicating the h-BCN sample has more graphitic or graphene-like structures [32, 33].

The chemical composition and chemical state of the samples were investigated by using XPS technique. The wide scan XPS spectra for the h-BNC in Figure 5(a) present four peaks at 196.1, 291.8, 409.7, and 540.1 eV assigned to B1s, C1s, N1s, and O1s, respectively [19–25]. The atomic percentage (At%) of B1s, N1s, and C1s was recorded as 36.1%, 28.4%, and 20.0%, respectively. The ratio of B : N : C is calculated to be about 1.8 : 1.4 : 1. The B1s spectrum, as shown in Figure 5(b), was deconvoluted into two component peaks at binding energy ca. 190.4 eV for B-N and 191.3 eV for B-O, respectively [19, 23]. The N1s peak as shown in Figure 5(c) can be deconvoluted into two component peaks, namely, N-B (398.1 eV) and N-C (pyrrolic N, 399.4 eV), respectively [25]. The C1 s spectrum, as shown in Figure 5(d), was deconvoluted into four component peaks at binding energy ca. 283.9 eV for C-B, 284.6 eV for C-C, 286.2 eV for C-N, and 287.7 eV for C-O, respectively [23, 33]. In addition, the presence of pyrrolic N in five-membered rings can introduce the Faradaic reaction and thus increase the electrocatalysis performance of the electrode.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Further information about the optical absorption properties and bandgap is determined by the UV-vis absorption spectra. As can be seen by comparing h-BCN and h-BN in Figure 6(a), more carbon atoms within h-BCN represent wider range and stronger intensity of absorption. The different carbon content within h-BCN shows different behaviors of photoadsorption. The h-BCN displays strong absorptions at 218 cm^-1 and 285 cm^-1. The maximum absorption wavelength shifts toward short lengths (blue shift to 204 cm^-1 and 243 cm^-1, respectively) with the decrease of the amount of carbon atoms in h-BCN, indicating the doping C atoms enhanced the adsorption of ultraviolet and visible light capability. Figure 6(b) shows the energy level diagram of the h-BCN samples. Since the BCN nanosheets belong to direct bandgap semiconductor, the bandgap is measured from the plot of ()²vs. curve. The tangent line was made at the obtained curve, and the intersection point with abscissa will be the bandgap of the BCN. The bandgap for h-BCN is about 3.54 eV and h-BN is 3.92 eV, implying the bandgap decreased with an increase in C content, which is favorable for photon-generated electrons and holes under the incident light [15, 27, 34].

(a)

(b)

3.2. Electrochemical Detection of UA on h-BCN-Modified Carbon Cloth Electrode

Figures 7(a) and 7(c) show the cyclic voltammograms of h-BCN/carbon cloth in phosphate-buffered solution (pH 6.8) with the sequential microaddition of uric acid (UA) solution. For comparison, the cyclic voltammetric response for the UA on the bare carbon cloth is also shown in Figure 7(a) (inset) and 7(b). There are no characteristic redox peaks on the bare carbon cloth with the addition of UA into the electrolyte solution. The anodic current density starts near 600 mV (vs. SCE), compared with 450 mV on the h-BCN-modified electrode. The response current densities on the bare carbon cloth are much smaller than those of h-BCN films and do not linearly increase with the concentration of UA. Meanwhile, from Figure 6(c), the anodic peak current gradually increases linearly upon increasing concentration of UA between 10 and 500 μM, implying that h-BCN-modified electrode behaves a high electrocatalysis activity for the UA [35]. The sensitivity of the current to concentration of UA is 0.32 μA/μM from calibration plot with correlation coefficient (²) of 0.991.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 7

(a) CV curve of h-BCN-modified electrode and bare carbon cloth electrodes (inset highlighted) in phosphate-buffered solution (pH 6.8) and in buffer solution containing 200 μM UA. (b) CV curves of bare carbon cloth at various UA concentrations (5-425 μM). Inset shows the calibration plot for UA concentration. (c) CV curves of h-BCN-modified electrode at various UA concentrations (10-500 μM) in phosphate-buffered solution (pH 6.8). Inset shows the calibration plot for UA concentration. Scan rate, 10 mVs⁻¹.

3.3. Electrochemical Detection of DA on h-BCN-Modified Carbon Cloth Electrode

The electrochemical behavior for DA at h-BCN/carbon cloth and bare carbon cloth was studied by CV. It can be seen from Figure 8(a) that the current responses at DA on carbon cloth start at about 550 mV, but there is no linear relationship between current densities and concentration of DA, suggesting that the bare carbon cloth cannot be used as a sensor for DA. In the case of h-BCN-modified film in Figure 8(b), the anodic peak current at 650 mV vs. SCE increases linearly upon increasing concentration of DA between 10 and 700 μM. The current responses for DA at h-BCN/carbon cloth are much larger than those of bare carbon cloth. The sensitivity of the current to concentration of DA is 0.688 μA/μM from calibration plot with correlation coefficient (²) of 0.992 which is an indication of a good linear relationship.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 8

(a) CV curves of bare carbon cloth at various UA concentrations in phosphate-buffered solution (10-200 μM). Inset shows the calibration plot for UA concentration. (b) Cyclic voltammograms of h-BCN-modified electrode at various DA concentrations (10-580 μM) in phosphate-buffered solution (pH 6.8). Inset shows the calibration plot for UA concentration. Scan rate, 10 mVs⁻¹. (c) The calibration plot for UA concentration from 10 to 300 μM. (d) Amperometric response of h-BCN-modified electrode at 0.65 V for the successive microadditions of DA to buffer solution (corresponding to 10–200 μM). Inset shows the calibration plot for DA concentration.

Amperometric technique was also used to determine the DA content in the phosphate-buffered solution (pH 6.86). Figure 8(d) shows the amperometric responses of the h-BCN-modified carbon cloth to sequential microadditions of DA at 650 m V. From the inset calibration plot, a sensitivity of 0. 24 μA/μM with correlation coefficient (²) of 0.97 was obtained, which is comparable to other electrochemical sensors for DA [36, 37]. This high level of the sensitivity is mostly due to the electrocatalytic activities from h-BCN semiconductor. The detection limit () was evaluated to be 5 μM. The repeatability of an electrode evaluated by three repetitive measurements of 20 μM DA gave an R.S.D. of 3.1%. The reproducibility of three composite electrodes evaluated similarly gave an R.S.D. of 4.9%. These experiment data show the h-BCN-modified electrode is a promise candidate for application in detection of DA and UA.

4. Conclusion

Interlayered hybrid h-BCN was successfully synthesized by in situ solid heterogeneous reaction subsequently with reduction in the hydrazine solution using anhydrous borax, melamine, and the low molecular weight phenolic resin as starting materials. TEM and XRD measurements revealed the two different interlayer lattice fringes of 0.34 and 0.21 nm presented within the h-BCN, indicating the 2D superlattice interlayered structures of h-BCN. UV-vis absorption measurement demonstrated the doping C atoms in the h-BN enhanced the adsorption of ultraviolet and visible light capability. The bandgap of h-BCN is smaller than that of h-BN, which is beneficial for the semiconductor nature of h-BCN. h-BCN represents excellent electrocatalysis performance for uric acid and dopamine with high level of the sensitivities and low detection limits, indicating a good candidate for electrochemical sensor applications.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge Liaoning Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Materials and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics for the technical support of SEM, TEM, and BET measurements. We acknowledge the financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (project number 51343002).

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Copyright © 2020 Yun-Shuai Bi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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