“Coffee Ring” Effect of Ag Colloidal Nanoparticles Dried on Glass: Impact to Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)

Šimáková, Petra; Kočišová, Eva; Procházka, Marek

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4009352

Journal of Nanomaterials

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 4009352 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4009352

“Coffee Ring” Effect of Ag Colloidal Nanoparticles Dried on Glass: Impact to Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)

Petra Šimáková,¹Eva Kočišová,¹and Marek Procházka¹

Academic Editor: Jianbo Yin

Received04 Jun 2021

Accepted05 Aug 2021

Published18 Aug 2021

Abstract

It is well known that spontaneous drying of some fluid droplets on certain solid surfaces forms a “coffee ring” pattern. In this paper, we studied “coffee ring” formation for two kinds of Ag colloidal nanoparticles (borohydride-reduced (b.-r.) and hydroxylamine-reduced (h.-r.)) and its impact on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Optical and scanning electron microscopies were used to observe the morphology of the dried rings as well. We used 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TMPyP) as a testing SERS molecular probe. The results showed that the structure of the edge rings of dried drops of Ag colloid/TMPyP systems was different for b.-r. and h.-r. nanoparticles. The inherent limitation of our approach is inhomogeneity in particle and “hot spots” distribution, SERS signal fluctuation, and consequently low spectral reproducibility. However, in the case of h.-r. nanoparticles, it formed a structure with highly enhancing sites (“hot spots”) providing enormous SERS signal of TMPyP. Higher sensitivity and the possibility of spectral mapping over the dried pattern are advantages in comparison with the measurements from colloidal suspension. Although our approach is not reliable for quantitative analytical SERS applications, it can serve as a simple, cheap, and fast prescan method, which can be easily implemented for preliminary SERS analysis.

1. Introduction

It is well known that a spontaneous drying of a fluid droplet on a solid surface at ordinary room temperature causes a fluid movement radially outward to the contact line in order to maintain its position. In some cases, it can lead to the formation of a ring of deposited material in the outer part of the dried pattern, which is denoted as a “coffee ring” effect [1]. The created “coffee ring” is a result of an interplay of contact line pinning, solvent evaporation, and capillary flow [2]. The well-shaped compact rings are formed for a variety of substrates (mostly hydrophobic) [3–6] and dispersed materials [3–8]. In the case of micro- or nanoparticles, “coffee ring” was first observed for charged polystyrene microsphere drops [7] and later for metal colloidal nanoparticles deposited and dried on hydrophilic substrates such as a glass slide [8].

Au and Ag nanoparticles are frequently used as active substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) [9]. SERS is a useful detection and analytical technique based on an enormous enhancement of Raman scattering (usually up to 10⁶) from molecules adsorbed on a roughened metal surface (so-called “SERS-active substrate”) [9]. In the case of Au or Ag nanoparticles, high SERS enhancement is obtained when they form aggregates containing highly enhancing sites “hot spots.” Drying by a “coffee-ring” effect promotes adsorption of the studied analytes to nanoparticle surface as well as aggregation and packing of nanoparticles in the ring at the edge of the droplet [10, 11]. This results in high SERS enhancement but low spectral reproducibility. Such approach is simple and was successfully used for SERS detection of lipids [11], proteins [12], and uric acid [13].

Higher uniformity and spectral reproducibility of dried nanoparticles can be obtained by control of drying properties in order to avoid the “coffee-ring” effect. This was done in the case of nanoparticles dropped and dried on aluminium oxide surface [13] or wrinkle-confined surface [14]. On the other hand, the enhancement factor was low (10⁴), hence the same as for measurement directly from colloidal suspensions [13]. Close packing of colloidal nanoparticles can be achieved by self-assemblies of nanoparticles immobilized onto glass slide via organosilanes [15] or densely packed interfacial nanoparticle 2D metal-like liquid films (MeLLFs) formed in liquid/liquid interface [16]. Higher structural control of self-assemblies is possible by modern techniques [17] such as template-assisted self-assembly [18] including supercrystal-like arrangement [19, 20]. These approaches provide uniform and discrete assemblies; however, their preparation methods are inherently challenging and both time- and cost-consuming.

In this paper, we study the “coffee ring” formation in the case of two kinds of Ag nanoparticles (borohydride-reduced (b.-r.) and hydroxylamine-reduced (h.-r.)) deposited and dried on clean glass slides. We concentrate primarily on its impact on SERS activity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. Optical microscopy and SEM were used to observe the morphology of the dried ring. We used 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TMPyP) as a testing SERS molecular probe. We will discuss the usefulness of the proposed approach for SERS. We will focus on its advantages and limitations in comparison to the SERS measurements directly from colloidal suspensions as well as from more controlled assemblies of colloidal nanoparticles.

2. Materials and Methods

Deionized water and pure chemicals purchased from Sigma-Aldrich were used. Ag colloid was prepared by reduction of AgNO₃ with sodium borohydride (b.-r.) [21] and with hydroxylamine hydrochloride (h.-r.) [22]. The maximum of extinction spectrum is at 394 nm and 414 nm for freshly prepared b.-r. and h.-r. colloid, respectively. Ag colloid/TMPyP SERS-active systems were prepared by the addition of TMPyP to the Ag colloid to obtain the desired concentration of TMPyP ( M- M). Immediately after preparation, ~2 μL of the mixture was dropped by pipette on a cleaned (by piranha solution and ethanol) microscope glass slide ( mm). The droplet was left to dry at room temperature for about half an hour.

SERS spectra were recorded with an integrated confocal Raman microscopic system LabRam HR800 (Horiba Jobin Yvon) with a nitrogen-cooled CCD detector using the 514.5 nm excitation line of an Ar⁺ laser (~0.2 mW at the sample) and acquisition time 1 s. Bright-field images of the dried drops were taken by the built-in digital camera using an optical microscope (Olympus BX) objectives 5x and 50x.

Extinction spectra were measured by UV-Vis spectrometer Perkin Elmer Lambda 12. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained by scanning electron microscope JEOL JSM-7500F. The maximum of particle size distribution determined by SEM is at 16.8 nm and 38 nm for b.-r. and h.-r. colloid, respectively (Figure 1).

(a)

(b)

3. Results

3.1. “Coffee Ring” Formation and Its Morphology

When the drops of Ag colloid/TMPyP system were deposited carefully on clean glass slides and dried, both the drops with b.-r. and h.-r. colloidal nanoparticles had a tendency to form a ring in the edge part of the dried droplet in which most nanoparticles and their aggregates were accumulated. The optical microscopy (bright-field) images for b.-r. and h.-r. Ag colloid/TMPyP ( M) systems are shown in Figure 2. The whole dried pattern has a round shape with a diameter about 1000-1400 μm and a well-distinguished and compact edge ring (see Figure 2(a) for h.-r. colloid). The details of the edge of the rings are compared in Figures 2(b) and 2(c) for both kinds of nanoparticles. The formation of the ring was observed for all measured TMPyP concentrations although the rings had slightly different widths and were not always compact. The nanoparticle aggregates several microns in sizes can be seen in the region toward the center of the dried drop, but there were completely absent in its central part (Figure 2(a)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

More detailed information about the morphology of the edge rings of dried drops was obtained by electron microscopy. SEM images of the edge rings of b.-r. and h.-r. Ag colloid/TMPyP ( M) systems are shown in Figure 3. They indicate that the aggregates in the “coffee ring” were quite diverse. In the case of b.-r. colloid, the ring was formed by very closely packed nanoparticles at the edge (about 10 μm width) and then small aggregates or isolated particles decreasing toward the center of the drop. On the other hand, in the case of h.-r. colloid, the nanoparticles were not well packed; the ring was about 10 μm wide and contained large aggregates of nanoparticles or alternating empty spaces. Moreover, many large crystals of salt (several μm in diameter) coming from the preparation procedure were presented in the case of h.-r. nanoparticles (Figures 2(c) and 3(b)).

(a)

(b)

3.2. SERS Spectra of TMPyP and Enhancement Factor

Figure 4 shows extinction spectra of Ag colloid/TMPyP ( M) systems dried on a glass slide for b.-r. (dotted line) and h.-r. (solid line) colloid. The maxima at 394 and 414 nm correspond to surface plasmon extinction bands of b.-r. and h.-r. colloid, respectively. 514.5 nm excitation wavelength was chosen for SERS measurements because of the localized surface plasmon resonance effect at this region.

For SERS spectral testing, first, we measured SERS spectra of TMPyP (see its chemical structure, Figure 5(a)) from ring patterns. Figure 5(b) shows typical SERS spectra obtained from a dried h.-r. colloid/TMPyP system where TMPyP concentration varies from M to M. Since the SERS spectra were strongly influenced by fluctuations in signal intensity and signal distribution, we tried to find a suitable position for spectral acquisition providing the highest spectral intensity. This is the reason why the spectra do not show a clear trend of intensity decrease with TMPyP concentration. On the other hand, lower TMPyP concentration in the SERS-active system can be seen through the strong band at 240 cm^-1 corresponding to AgCl. Cl anions come from a hydroxylamine hydrochloride reduction agent. Raman band of AgCl significantly increased in the spectra with a decrease of TMPyP concentration because less Cl anions were replaced by TMPyP. Spectral features of TMPyP porphyrin were observed even for M concentration although some new bands originating from carbon species contamination [23] occurred as well. The SERS spectra of TMPyP were also obtained for b.-r. Ag colloid/TMPyP systems dried on a glass slide (not shown here), but the lowest detectable concentration was M.

(a)

(b)

It is known that the free-base porphyrins can be metalated by the incorporation of silver ions into their macrocycle [21]. Thus, the SERS spectra of TMPyP were a mixture of two spectral forms: free-base (spectral markers at ca. 330, 967+1000, 1335 cm^-1) and metalated form (spectral markers at ca. 395, 1010, 1340 cm^-1) [24]. The vibrational assignment can be found at [25]. The degree of metalation strongly depends on TMPyP concentration and time between preparation of SERS-active system and SERS measurement [24, 26]. Therefore, the ratio of the free-base and the metalated TMPyP forms varied from spectrum to spectrum in Figure 5(b).

We tried to estimate an analytical enhancement factor (AEF) [9] of our dried Ag colloidal nanoparticles. It is expressed by the intensity ratio of SERS and Raman spectra multiplied by the corresponding concentration ratio. For calculation, we used SERS spectra of M TMPyP concentration which is in submonolayer adsorption limit [24] and Raman spectrum of M TMPyP dried on glass slide without Ag nanoparticles measured under the same experimental conditions. The AEF for TMPyP was about 10⁵ for both b.-r. and h.-a. nanoparticles. In the case of h-a. nanoparticles, when we used the lowest detectable SERS spectrum ( M TMPyP concentration) for calculation, AEF reached 10⁸ orders of magnitude. Because of the strong fluctuation of SERS intensity for this concentration, this AEF is a rough estimation.

3.3. Reproducibility of SERS Measurements

To check uniformity and reproducibility of SERS measurements, we carried out SERS mapping experiments where the spectra were measured from a set of selected points as seen in Figures 6(a) and 6(b) (left part). The increment between mapping points was 5 and 10 μm for b.-r. and h.-r. nanoparticles, respectively. Figure 6 shows typical spectral maps for both b.-r. and h.-r. Ag colloid/TMPyP ( M) systems. The obtained sets of spectra were treated by factor analysis using the “singular value decomposition” algorithm [24]. The intensity in each mapping point was determined as the coefficient of the first subspectrum of the factor analysis. The colour scale represents SERS intensity normalized for each set of spectra. The intensities were normalized for each set of spectra but not for both spectral sets together. The results indicate that the ring was not a homogeneous pattern, and the intensity for both systems strongly varied from point to point. Certain points (probably “hot spots”) showed 5-10 times higher intensity than the vast majority of other points. As observed, different morphology of aggregates formed in the edge ring of both kinds of nanoparticles had no significant influence on the variation of spectral intensities.

(a)

(b)

4. Discussion

Our results demonstrate that dried drops of b.-r. and h.-a. Ag colloid/TMPyP systems formed compact “coffee rings” after drying on glass slides. The optical microscopy (bright-field) and SEM images proved that the nanoparticle aggregates were accumulated in the edge rings. It is necessary to mention that M TMPyP concentration was under submonolayer adsorption limit [24], and consequently, SERS-active system was only slightly aggregated. Therefore, strong aggregation was not produced by adding TMPyP but by the drying process itself. Since drying was spontaneous and uncontrolled, the aggregates were quite diverse. Our results show that drying led to different morphology of the edge ring in the case of b.-r. and h.-r. nanoparticles, because of different particle sizes and different concentrations and kinds of residual ions at the nanoparticle surface. The b.-r. nanoparticles were very closely packed in the ring while in the case of h.-r. colloid, the ring contained large aggregates of nanoparticles.

Concerning SERS spectral testing, SERS sensitivity of dried b.-r. and h.-r. nanoparticles accumulated in the edge rings was different, due to their different morphology and aggregation state. The lowest detectable concentration of TMPyP was M and M for b.-r. and h.-a. nanoparticles, respectively. A similar spectral detection limit ( M) was previously reported for TMPyP adsorbed on b.-r. nanoparticles attached to a glass slide by organosilane [15]. As for colloidal suspension, the spectral detection limits of TMPyP under the same excitation wavelength were about M and M, for b.-r. and h.-a. colloid, respectively. It is known that an average AEF for nonaggregated or slightly aggregated Ag colloidal nanoparticles in suspension is about 10⁴ and for Ag nanoparticles and nanostructures in a dry state about 10⁴ to 10⁶ [13, 27]. For comparison, our AEF obtained for h.-a. for colloid/TMPyP system dried to “coffee ring” pattern was estimated to 10⁸ in order of magnitude. Therefore, it is evident that dried h.-r. nanoparticles accumulated in the edge ring formed a morphology with many aggregates containing “hot spots” providing high SERS signal of TMPyP. This can be considered an advantage of such SERS-active systems in comparison with the colloidal suspensions themselves or the 2D nanoparticle assemblies.

The SERS spectra measured from the dried “coffee ring” pattern did not show a clear trend of intensity decrease with TMPyP concentration. In addition, the spectral mapping revealed strong fluctuations of signal intensity and the signal distribution from spot to spot. It is evident that besides the rationally designed 2D nanoparticle assemblies, the aggregates formed by spontaneous drying were rather undefined with an uncontrolled particle density, inhomogeneity in particle, and “hot spot” distribution, and consequently, they provided low spectral reproducibility. It is the inherent limitation of this approach that is, hence, not reliable for quantitative analytical SERS applications. On the other hand, higher sensitivity and the possibility of finding the highest signal by spectral mapping over the dried pattern are advantages over the measurements from colloidal suspension. Therefore, we propose that our approach can serve as a simple, cheap, and fast prescan method, which can be easily implemented for preliminary SERS analysis.

5. Conclusions

In this paper, we studied “coffee ring” effect of two kinds of Ag nanoparticles (b.-r. or h.-r.) and its impact on SERS activity using TMPyP porphyrin molecular probe. The results proved that dried drops of Ag colloid/TMPyP systems on glass slides formed compact rings containing nanoparticle aggregates. The morphology of the aggregates was different for b.-r. and h.-r. colloids. It led to higher SERS sensitivity for h.-r. nanoparticles ( M TMPyP concentration was detected) but did not affect spectral intensity variations observed in both cases. The inherent limitation of our approach is inhomogeneity in particle and “hot spots” distribution, SERS signal fluctuation, and consequently low spectral reproducibility. On the other hand, higher sensitivity and the possibility of spectral mapping over the dried pattern are advantages in comparison with the measurements from colloidal suspension. Although our approach is not reliable for quantitative analytical SERS applications, it can serve as a simple, cheap, and fast prescan method, which can be easily implemented for preliminary SERS analysis.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

SEM images were carried out at the Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague (Dr. Jan Proška). The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Czech Science Foundation (18-10897S) and the Charles University Research Centre program UNCE/SCI/010.

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Copyright © 2021 Petra Šimáková et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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