|
Type of NPs | Carrier | Cargo | Outcome | Ref |
|
Liposomes | (HA)-liposomal | Diclofenac, dexamethasone | Effectively relieving the pain of OA and having good biocompatibility | [12] |
SLN system | Integrin β1 overexpression pDNA | Reducing chondrocyte apoptosis and enhancing tissue repair | [13] |
|
Micelles | PNIPAM-PMPC | Diclofenac sodium | PNIPAM-PMPC nanospheres are biocompatible and upregulate anabolic genes, while downregulating articular cartilage catabolism genes | [14] |
Polyethylene oxide- (PEO-) and polypropylene oxide- (PPO-) based polymeric micelles | rAAV sox9 | Enhancing the deposition of ECM components and cell survival levels, inhibiting inflammation | [15] |
Acid-activatable polymer | Curcumin | Suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities | [16] |
|
Inorganic NPs | | MnO2, gold-based nanoformulations, CeO2 | COL2a1 and ACAN gene expression in chondrocytes was significantly decreased | [17–19] |
MSNs | pSBMA, colchicine | Due to the hydration lubrication mechanism, the wear resistance of the material is enhanced. Reducing nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, COX2, and TNF-α | [20, 21] |
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 | S-Methylisothiourea hemisulfate salt | Reducing the content of NO and H2O2, thereby inhibiting the production of HIF1α and M1 macrophages, alleviating mitochondrial function | [22] |
Membrane-disguised Fe3O4 | Kartogenin | Enabling rapid and high-quality cartilage regeneration | [23] |
|
Polymer NPs | CD-PMPC | Silica | Enhancing penetration of dermal tissue and lubrication, inducing drug release | [24] |
PLGA-PEG | 4MAL, kartogenin (KGN) | Prolonging IA drug retention for the treatment of OA. Increasing sulfated glycosaminoglycans | [25–27] |
Electrostatic self-assembly heparin and ε-poly-l-lysine | Platelet lysate | Platelet lysate is evenly distributed | [28] |
Hollow dextran/PNIPAM | KAFAK | In cartilage explants to suppress inflammation | [29] |
Glycol chitosan/fucoidan nanogels | KAFAK | Inhibiting the expression of TNF-α and IL-6. Enhancing the expression of type II collagen, proteoglycan, and Sox9 | [30] |
Electro spun cell-free fibrous hyaluronic acid | SDF-1α, TGF-β3 | Increasing recruitment and infiltration of MSCs to enhance cartilage tissue formation | [31] |
PLGA | Andrographolide, p66shc siRNA, diacerein | Inhibiting osteoclast function and inflammation | [32–34] |
Poly(D,L-lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactic acid) | BMP2 | Inducing implant differentiation into cartilage and bone but also completely degraded without toxicity | [35] |
LbL polymer microcapsule | MnO2 | Eliminating hydrogen peroxide H2O2 and protecting cells from oxidative stress | [36] |
|
Exosomes | | miR-140, miR-9-5p, miR-100-5p, miR-135b, miR-1405p, and lncRNA KLF3-AS1 | Reducing inflammation and promoting cartilage marker production | [37–41] |
|