Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery System—A Target Strategy for Osteoarthritis Treatment

Table 1

Research summary of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems.

Type of NPs	Carrier	Cargo	Outcome	Ref
Liposomes	(HA)-liposomal	Diclofenac, dexamethasone	Effectively relieving the pain of OA and having good biocompatibility	[12]
	SLN system	Integrin β1 overexpression pDNA	Reducing chondrocyte apoptosis and enhancing tissue repair	[13]
Micelles	PNIPAM-PMPC	Diclofenac sodium	PNIPAM-PMPC nanospheres are biocompatible and upregulate anabolic genes, while downregulating articular cartilage catabolism genes	[14]
	Polyethylene oxide- (PEO-) and polypropylene oxide- (PPO-) based polymeric micelles	rAAV sox9	Enhancing the deposition of ECM components and cell survival levels, inhibiting inflammation	[15]
	Acid-activatable polymer	Curcumin	Suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities	[16]
Inorganic NPs		MnO2, gold-based nanoformulations, CeO2	COL2a1 and ACAN gene expression in chondrocytes was significantly decreased	[17–19]
	MSNs	pSBMA, colchicine	Due to the hydration lubrication mechanism, the wear resistance of the material is enhanced. Reducing nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, COX2, and TNF-α	[20, 21]
	Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8	S-Methylisothiourea hemisulfate salt	Reducing the content of NO and H2O2, thereby inhibiting the production of HIF1α and M1 macrophages, alleviating mitochondrial function	[22]
	Membrane-disguised Fe3O4	Kartogenin	Enabling rapid and high-quality cartilage regeneration	[23]
Polymer NPs	CD-PMPC	Silica	Enhancing penetration of dermal tissue and lubrication, inducing drug release	[24]
	PLGA-PEG	4MAL, kartogenin (KGN)	Prolonging IA drug retention for the treatment of OA. Increasing sulfated glycosaminoglycans	[25–27]
	Electrostatic self-assembly heparin and ε-poly-l-lysine	Platelet lysate	Platelet lysate is evenly distributed	[28]
	Hollow dextran/PNIPAM	KAFAK	In cartilage explants to suppress inflammation	[29]
	Glycol chitosan/fucoidan nanogels	KAFAK	Inhibiting the expression of TNF-α and IL-6. Enhancing the expression of type II collagen, proteoglycan, and Sox9	[30]
	Electro spun cell-free fibrous hyaluronic acid	SDF-1α, TGF-β3	Increasing recruitment and infiltration of MSCs to enhance cartilage tissue formation	[31]
	PLGA	Andrographolide, p66shc siRNA, diacerein	Inhibiting osteoclast function and inflammation	[32–34]
	Poly(D,L-lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactic acid)	BMP2	Inducing implant differentiation into cartilage and bone but also completely degraded without toxicity	[35]
	LbL polymer microcapsule	MnO2	Eliminating hydrogen peroxide H2O2 and protecting cells from oxidative stress	[36]
Exosomes		miR-140, miR-9-5p, miR-100-5p, miR-135b, miR-1405p, and lncRNA KLF3-AS1	Reducing inflammation and promoting cartilage marker production	[37–41]