Mechanism, Clinical Significance, and Treatment Strategy of Warburg Effect in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Table 1

The effects and targets of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) on glucose metabolism of HCC cells.

Metabolism type	Target	Effects	Reference
Glucose uptake	GLUT1	Upregulated expression, enhanced activity	[21, 22]
Aerobic glycolysis	6-phosphofructokinase-1	Upregulated expression	[23]
	Hexokinase	Upregulated expression	[23–25]
	Pyruvate kinase	Upregulated expression	[25]
Tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation	Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex	Upregulate the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1	[27]
	Isocitrate dehydrogenase, IDH
	α-Ketoglutarte dehydrogenase complex
	Complex I-IV	Upregulate NDUFA4L2 expression	[28]
	ATP synthase
Pentose phosphate pathway	Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD
Glutamine metabolism	ASCT2
	Glutaminase