Performance of Natural Dye Extracted from Annatto, Black Plum, Turmeric, Red Spinach, and Cactus as Photosensitizers in TiO₂NP/TiNT Composites for Solar Cell Applications

Table 1

characteristic of DSSC fabricated using TiNT/TiO₂ NP photoanodes with natural dye sensitizers in comparison with the literature survey.

Natural dye	(nm)	(V)	(mA/cm)^2	FF	(%)	Ref.
Mulberry	543	0.86	0.42	0.43		[37]
Myrtus cauliflora Mart (Jaboticaba)	520	7.20	0.59	0.54	—	[38]
Red cabbage	537	0.50	0.37	0.54	0.13	[39]
Hylocereus polyrhizus (dragon fruit)	535	0.20	0.22	0.30	0.22	[40]
Bixa orellana L (annatto seeds)	474	1.1	0.57	0.59	0.37	[41]
Spinach	437	0.47	0.55	0.51	0.13	[32]
Cherries	500	0.46	0.30	38.3	0.18	[9]
Fructus lycii	447,425	0.53	0.68	46.6	0.17	[42]
Raspberries	540	0.26	0.42	64.8	1.50	[43]
Turmeric	507.2		1.857	0.503	0.473	[44]
Annatto	455	0.63	6.19	18.9	0.74	This work
Black plum	550	0.51	5.43	14.68	0.40	This work
Turmeric	425	0.62	4.59	7.99	0.22	This work
Red spinach	430 and 665	0.51	3.56	9.21	0.16	This work
Cactus	550	0.58	5.68	13.48	0.44	This work