Analysis of Forced Convection with Hybrid Cu-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanofluids Injected in a Three-Dimensional Rectangular Channel Containing Three Perpendicular Rotating Blocks with <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.4619093pt" id="M1" height="9.70824pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0657574 -9.24633 33.7074 9.70824" width="33.7074pt"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,0,0)"><path id="g113-232" d="M484 406C484 429 465 448 438 448C400 448 352 405 302 356L156 213L191 373C195 391 197 404 197 416C197 436 191 448 178 448C151 448 83 406 23 350L37 328C67 350 101 369 109 369C114 369 115 362 111 344L29 -5L34 -12C63 -5 86 -1 111 3C124 73 137 138 147 161C165 180 189 202 206 217C215 194 249 111 275 57C304 -1 319 -12 342 -12C368 -12 405 -5 471 92L454 115C427 80 395 55 384 55C374 55 364 58 341 106L262 274C282 296 367 378 414 378C427 378 440 370 444 367C449 363 454 362 462 368C476 379 484 395 484 406Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,12.537,0)"><path id="g117-33" d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,26.445,0)"><path id="g113-247" d="M387 375C387 402 357 448 257 448C172 448 82 404 82 326C82 289 108 255 156 241V239C85 223 23 181 23 116C23 39 89 -12 182 -12C265 -12 336 31 378 91L361 114C320 73 269 47 216 47C157 47 115 82 115 137C115 191 160 219 218 219C243 219 262 218 272 217L304 259L302 266C295 265 281 264 255 264C195 264 163 294 163 335C163 377 200 416 249 416C293 416 321 389 329 342C331 332 335 329 341 329C355 329 387 352 387 375Z"/></g></svg> Turbulent Modeling

<div>(a–d) Temperature gradient along the <span class="nowrap"><svg height="6.44133pt" id="M181" style="vertical-align:-0.29774pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -6.14359 6.59789 6.44133" width="6.59789pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M475 445L452 468C423 436 401 426 385 426S352 427 305 436C268 443 216 448 185 448C156 448 128 425 102 382C89 360 77 338 64 304L89 291C117 340 143 380 190 380C214 380 268 376 295 373C320 370 344 371 362 374L70 101C32 65 23 36 23 18C23 5 27 -3 31 -8C36 -8 39 -6 42 -1C52 15 67 31 80 40S110 49 143 33C195 8 257 -20 290 -20C339 -20 382 11 439 129L416 148C366 74 334 55 305 55C278 55 236 68 203 81C169 94 141 100 122 96C205 170 348 308 411 376L475 445Z"></path></g></svg>-</span>axis at the middle of the channel against the volume fraction of alumina oxide.</div>

Journal of Nanomaterials

fig17

Figure 17

Figure 17: Analysis of Forced Convection with Hybrid Cu-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanofluids Injected in a Three-Dimensional Rectangular Channel Containing Three Perpendicular Rotating Blocks with <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.4619093pt" id="M1" height="9.70824pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0657574 -9.24633 33.7074 9.70824" width="33.7074pt"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,0,0)"><path id="g113-232" d="M484 406C484 429 465 448 438 448C400 448 352 405 302 356L156 213L191 373C195 391 197 404 197 416C197 436 191 448 178 448C151 448 83 406 23 350L37 328C67 350 101 369 109 369C114 369 115 362 111 344L29 -5L34 -12C63 -5 86 -1 111 3C124 73 137 138 147 161C165 180 189 202 206 217C215 194 249 111 275 57C304 -1 319 -12 342 -12C368 -12 405 -5 471 92L454 115C427 80 395 55 384 55C374 55 364 58 341 106L262 274C282 296 367 378 414 378C427 378 440 370 444 367C449 363 454 362 462 368C476 379 484 395 484 406Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,12.537,0)"><path id="g117-33" d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,26.445,0)"><path id="g113-247" d="M387 375C387 402 357 448 257 448C172 448 82 404 82 326C82 289 108 255 156 241V239C85 223 23 181 23 116C23 39 89 -12 182 -12C265 -12 336 31 378 91L361 114C320 73 269 47 216 47C157 47 115 82 115 137C115 191 160 219 218 219C243 219 262 218 272 217L304 259L302 266C295 265 281 264 255 264C195 264 163 294 163 335C163 377 200 416 249 416C293 416 321 389 329 342C331 332 335 329 341 329C355 329 387 352 387 375Z"/></g></svg> Turbulent Modeling 

Figure 17 | Analysis of Forced Convection with Hybrid Cu-Al2O3 Nanofluids Injected in a Three-Dimensional Rectangular Channel Containing Three Perpendicular Rotating Blocks with  Turbulent Modeling 