Analysis of Forced Convection with Hybrid Cu-Al₂O₃ Nanofluids Injected in a Three-Dimensional Rectangular Channel Containing Three Perpendicular Rotating Blocks with Turbulent Modeling

Table 1

Thermophysical properties of the nanofluid and parameters to geometry building [30].

Symbol	Value	Explanation
	0.001, 0.01, 0.09, 0.1, and 0.25	Volume fraction of aluminum oxide
	0.001, 0.01, 0.09, 0.1, and 0.25	Volume fraction of copper
	3880 ()	Density of alumina
	8954 ()	Density of copper
		The total density of the nanoparticles
	765 ()	Specific heat of aluminum oxide
	383.1 ()	Specific heat of copper
		Specific heat of particles
		The total volume fraction of nanoparticles
	40 ()	Thermal conductivity of the aluminum oxide
	386 ()	Thermal conductivity of copper
		Total thermal conductivity of nanofluids
	998 ()	The density of the base fluid
		Density of nanofluid
	4182 ()	Specific heat of the base fluid
		Specific heat capacity of nanofluid
	0.597 ()	Thermal conductivity of the base fluid
		Thermal conductivity of the nanofluids
	0.000998 (Pa s)	The viscosity of the base fluid
	(Pa s)	Viscosity of nanofluid
	0.333 (cm)	Hydraulic diameter
Re	50,000	Reynolds number
		Inlet velocity
	1 (cm)	Length along the -axis
	0.5 (cm)	Length along the -axis
	0.5 (cm)	Length along the -axis
	0, 0.5, and 1.5 (m/s)	The rotational velocity of perpendicular blocks along the -direction
	293.15 (K)	Cold temp
	323.15 (K)	Hot temp