Analysis of Forced Convection with Hybrid Cu-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanofluids Injected in a Three-Dimensional Rectangular Channel Containing Three Perpendicular Rotating Blocks with <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.4619093pt" id="M1" height="9.70824pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0657574 -9.24633 33.7074 9.70824" width="33.7074pt"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,0,0)"><path id="g113-232" d="M484 406C484 429 465 448 438 448C400 448 352 405 302 356L156 213L191 373C195 391 197 404 197 416C197 436 191 448 178 448C151 448 83 406 23 350L37 328C67 350 101 369 109 369C114 369 115 362 111 344L29 -5L34 -12C63 -5 86 -1 111 3C124 73 137 138 147 161C165 180 189 202 206 217C215 194 249 111 275 57C304 -1 319 -12 342 -12C368 -12 405 -5 471 92L454 115C427 80 395 55 384 55C374 55 364 58 341 106L262 274C282 296 367 378 414 378C427 378 440 370 444 367C449 363 454 362 462 368C476 379 484 395 484 406Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,12.537,0)"><path id="g117-33" d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,26.445,0)"><path id="g113-247" d="M387 375C387 402 357 448 257 448C172 448 82 404 82 326C82 289 108 255 156 241V239C85 223 23 181 23 116C23 39 89 -12 182 -12C265 -12 336 31 378 91L361 114C320 73 269 47 216 47C157 47 115 82 115 137C115 191 160 219 218 219C243 219 262 218 272 217L304 259L302 266C295 265 281 264 255 264C195 264 163 294 163 335C163 377 200 416 249 416C293 416 321 389 329 342C331 332 335 329 341 329C355 329 387 352 387 375Z"/></g></svg> Turbulent Modeling

<table class="table-group" id="tab2"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="7"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left"><span style="width: 12.0924ptpx;"><svg height="12.3916pt" id="M119" style="vertical-align:-3.42948pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.96212 12.0924 12.3916" width="12.0924pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M542 242C542 369 469 429 379 468C370 472 372 496 376 513L416 681L400 691L344 648L219 51C167 69 113 128 113 217C113 324 166 387 266 428L252 459C124 418 23 336 23 202C23 95 90 13 205 -8L182 -132C165 -222 191 -254 209 -261L215 -258L270 -7C415 -4 542 98 542 242ZM469 232C469 126 403 33 279 39L355 409C399 394 469 331 469 232Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.02,3.132)"><path d="M389 0V32C297 38 291 46 291 118V635C234 613 175 595 109 583V556L161 554C203 552 207 547 207 497V118C207 46 201 38 110 32V0H389Z"></path></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center">[<a href="/journals/jnm/2022/2446972/#B31" target="_blank">31</a>]</td><td class="align_center">[<a href="/journals/jnm/2022/2446972/#B32" target="_blank">32</a>]</td><td class="align_center">[<a href="/journals/jnm/2022/2446972/#B33" target="_blank">33</a>]</td><td class="align_center">[<a href="/journals/jnm/2022/2446972/#B34" target="_blank">34</a>]</td><td class="align_center">[<a href="/journals/jnm/2022/2446972/#B35" target="_blank">35</a>]</td><td class="align_center">Present work</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="7"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">0.001</td><td class="align_center">129.6963</td><td class="align_center">141.0264</td><td class="align_center">152.6951</td><td class="align_center">133.3071</td><td class="align_center">122.1352</td><td class="align_center">125.9100</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">0.01</td><td class="align_center">129.8972</td><td class="align_center">141.245</td><td class="align_center">152.891</td><td class="align_center">133.5125</td><td class="align_center">122.4697</td><td class="align_center">126.1830</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">0.09</td><td class="align_center">131.6322</td><td class="align_center">143.1327</td><td class="align_center">154.5806</td><td class="align_center">135.2858</td><td class="align_center">125.3763</td><td class="align_center">128.5140</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">0.1</td><td class="align_center">131.8412</td><td class="align_center">143.3602</td><td class="align_center">154.784</td><td class="align_center">135.4996</td><td class="align_center">125.7287</td><td class="align_center">128.987</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">0.25</td><td class="align_center">134.612</td><td class="align_center">146.3746</td><td class="align_center">157.4765</td><td class="align_center">138.3343</td><td class="align_center">130.4428</td><td class="align_center">132.5200</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="7"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div>Average Nusselt number at the outlet of the channel against volume fraction of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.</div>

Journal of Nanomaterials

tab2

Table 2

Table 2: Analysis of Forced Convection with Hybrid Cu-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanofluids Injected in a Three-Dimensional Rectangular Channel Containing Three Perpendicular Rotating Blocks with <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.4619093pt" id="M1" height="9.70824pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0657574 -9.24633 33.7074 9.70824" width="33.7074pt"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,0,0)"><path id="g113-232" d="M484 406C484 429 465 448 438 448C400 448 352 405 302 356L156 213L191 373C195 391 197 404 197 416C197 436 191 448 178 448C151 448 83 406 23 350L37 328C67 350 101 369 109 369C114 369 115 362 111 344L29 -5L34 -12C63 -5 86 -1 111 3C124 73 137 138 147 161C165 180 189 202 206 217C215 194 249 111 275 57C304 -1 319 -12 342 -12C368 -12 405 -5 471 92L454 115C427 80 395 55 384 55C374 55 364 58 341 106L262 274C282 296 367 378 414 378C427 378 440 370 444 367C449 363 454 362 462 368C476 379 484 395 484 406Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,12.537,0)"><path id="g117-33" d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,26.445,0)"><path id="g113-247" d="M387 375C387 402 357 448 257 448C172 448 82 404 82 326C82 289 108 255 156 241V239C85 223 23 181 23 116C23 39 89 -12 182 -12C265 -12 336 31 378 91L361 114C320 73 269 47 216 47C157 47 115 82 115 137C115 191 160 219 218 219C243 219 262 218 272 217L304 259L302 266C295 265 281 264 255 264C195 264 163 294 163 335C163 377 200 416 249 416C293 416 321 389 329 342C331 332 335 329 341 329C355 329 387 352 387 375Z"/></g></svg> Turbulent Modeling 

Table 2 | Analysis of Forced Convection with Hybrid Cu-Al2O3 Nanofluids Injected in a Three-Dimensional Rectangular Channel Containing Three Perpendicular Rotating Blocks with  Turbulent Modeling 