Hybrid Novel Additive Manufacturing for Sustainable Usage of Waste

Table 2

Comparison of dough making with a review article on waste plastic recycling [59].

S. No.	Reference document	Dough-making technique
1.	As an alternative to the current method of plastic recycling, filaments for 3D printers can be made from recycled polymers. Only plastic-based recycling is disclosed.	The instant work deals with nonsegregated waste recycling.
2.	One specific waste recycling.	The instant work discloses synthesized dough prepared from nonsegregated waste material as source material for 3D printing. The nonsegregated waste material includes food, plastics, and E-waste.; The technical advancement lies in the making of synthesized dough from nonsegregated waste material, wherein versatile materials are collected and processed mixed with components in the right quantity at the right stage to form the dough state to achieve 3D printing.; The system converts the nonsegregated waste material into the synthesized dough without human intervention.
3.	Firstly, the material is separated as well as washed, and then, ground plastic is extracted.; Extrusion at high temperatures is the next step in the process of preparing the ground material for use (the temperature should be set based on type of the polymer).; With the extrusion method, granulated or polymer powder is fed into an extruder where it is heated and transformed into a homogeneous filament with precisely defined parameters for use in 3D printing (adapted to the size of the printer element and standardized diameter).; The 3D printer accepts the freshly prepared filament.; Analyses are conducted on the printed material (mechanical, structural, and rheological characteristics).; Milling of the tested specimen is carried out for the second time.; When it comes to modifying a material, an additional step is required: First, the mixture is mixed with an additional component as well as a binder (such as silicone oil), and then, it is extruded.; By contrast, the second method calls for dissolving the ground element in an organic solvent along with a reinforcing component and then evaporating the solvent to obtain the ground material itself.	Nonsegregated waste material that includes food, plastics, and E-waste was collected and stored inside the chamber.; The chamber dispenses nonsegregated waste material into the UV disinfectant unit via a conveyor; said UV disinfectant unit removes the harmful germs and water content in the nonsegregated waste material to form solid waste.; The disinfected solid waste then enters the shedder which powders the solid waste.; The powdered solid waste is then stored in the storage unit.; The powdered solid waste is mixed with components one by one in the mixer to form the dough. Said components include waste foundry sand 5%, waste stone powder 5%, and binder 30%. The powdered solid waste is mixed with waste foundry sand and mixed well in the mixer to form a first mixture. The waste stone powder is then added to the first mixture and mixed well in the mixer to form a second mixture. Araldite is then added to the second mixture and mixed well in the mixer to form the synthesized dough.; The synthesized dough which is used as a printable source is then sent to the 3D printer which prints the final component as per the requirement.; The 3D printer includes UV lamp units fixed to the printing head on either side which disinfects the dough and as well as dries the dough. Drying the dough leads to the achievement of good binding of materials.; The dough hardness is around 70 Brinell hardness units.