Nanomaterials: A Promising Therapeutic Approach for Cardiovascular Diseases

Table 3

Nanofiber-based approaches for cardiovascular disease treatment.

Name of polymers used	Cells/drug entrapped	Diameter of fiber	Outcome of study	References
Molybdenum disulfide, reduced graphene oxide, and silk fibroin	TBX18-hiPSCs	450 nm	Scaffolds were able to induce cardiac differentiation and controlled self-renewal potency	[121]
Silk-fibroin, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles	Mouse embryonic cardiac cells	250 nm	The presence of silk fibroin supported cardiac differentiation; upregulation of cardiac genes such as GATA-4, cardiac troponin T, Nkx 2.5, and alpha-myosin heavy chain	[122]
Polyethylene terephthalate/graphene oxide	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	and  nm	Improvement in cardiac electroconductivity, the substrate could support HUVECs; improved cardiac cell attachment and proliferation	[123]
Poly(l-lactic acid) and polyurethane	Rat cardiomyoblasts (H9C2 line), human and rat cardiomyocytes	nm to  nm	Prepared nanofibrous mats using solution blow spinning method; mats showed proliferation activity for reported cells	[123]
Peptide amphiphile	Fractalkine	n.m.	Targeted the fractalkine in carotid artery balloon injured model and showed 4.2-fold enhancement in fluorescence and increased dose-dependent manner	[124]
Poly(L-lactide-cocaprolactone)	Fibroblast-derived ECM	500 to 900 nm	Improvement in cell viability, molecular diffusion, and cell maturation	[124]
Polyvinyl alcohol, methylacrylate grafted lignin	Betulinic acid	~1 μm	Formulation proved to be noncytotoxic on normal endothelial cells, inhibited cytokine levels, increased vasodilators, and prevented myocardial cells from degeneration	[125]