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| Type of carbon nanomaterial | Name of polymer | In vivo studies | Electrical interpretation | Size | Biological interpretation | References |
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| Carbon quantum dots (CQD) | Poly glycerol sebacate; polycaprolactone | n.m. | The presence of QD, increased electrical conductivity | nm | 1% CQD, decreased cell viability; 0.5%CQD, persisted cell viability | [149] |
| Carbon nanotubes (CNT) | Polyurethane, chitosan | H9C2 cells | Increase in electrical conductivity | n.m. | Biocompatible with H9C2 cells | [150] |
| p-Phenylenediamine surface-functionalized CQD | Silk fibroin/polylactic acid | Rat cardiomyocytes | Improved electrical conductivity among cardiomyocytes | n.m. | Increased cardiac marker gene expression | [151] |
| Carbon nanotubes (CNT) | Polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan | Rat mesenchymal stem cells | The presence of large quantities of CNT, decreased electrical conductivity | to nm | Expression of Nkx2.5, Troponin I, and β–MHC cardiac marker increased significantly | [152] |
| Carbon nanotubes (CNT) | Gelatin with methacrylate anhydride | Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes | Showed apparent spontaneous electrical conductivity; Beta1-integrin pathway was involved in modulation of electrical impulses | n.m. | Increase in expression of p-FAK and RhoA in cardiac constructs | [153] |
| SWCNTs | Gelatin | Rat H9c2 cells | n.m. | n.m. | Increased expression, proliferation, and differentiation | [154] |
| MWCNTs functionalized with carbodihydrazide | n.m. | HL-1 cardiomyocytes | The electrical conductivity of the scaffold was 0.015 S/cm | 166 nm | Improved heartbeat and cellular viability | [155] |
| MWCNTs | PCL | Rat H9c2 cells | Conductivity increased with PCL content | n.m. | Myoblast cells showed adherence for 4 days | [156] |
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