Effect of Various Factors on Plant Fibre-Reinforced Composites with Nanofillers and Its Industrial Applications: A Critical Review

Table 2

Effect of various chemical treatments on NFRC.

S. no	Fibres used	Type of chemical treatment	Effects	Reference
1	Sisal and roselle	Alkaline	Increased mechanical properties.	[141]
2	Alfa	Acetylation	Improved resistance to moisture absorption	[142]
3	Continuous henequen fibres	Silane (0.015 wt. %)	Improved mechanical properties.	[143]
4	Borassus fruit fibres	Alkaline	Thermal stability and tensile properties have been slightly improved.	[144]
5	Agave fourcroydes	Alkaline	Improved fibre matrix adhesion	[145]
6	Bagasse	Mercerization and acrylic acid	Superior tensile and flexural properties and reduced moisture absorption.	[145]
7	Unidirectional Roystonea regia	Alkaline	Improved tensile and flexural properties.	[146]
8	Sisal	Alkaline	Intracrystalline lignin and waxy, and resulted in improved mechanical interlocking.	[147]
9	Oil palm	Alkaline, acrylonitrile grafting, silane, acrylation, permanganate, acetylation, peroxide treatment	(1) Silane treatment-tensile strength reduced; (2) Acrylation-enhanced tensile strength; (3) Alkali and permanganate-tensile modulus increased; (4) Silane and acrylate treatments showed optimum mechanical properties	[148]
10	Coir fibre	Alkaline	Interfacial adhesion between coir fibre and natural rubber was improved.	[149]
11	Sisal	Alkaline	The internal structure that resulted in a specific stiffness that was approximately the same as steel.	[150]
12	Kenaf	Alkaline	Improved mechanical properties	[151]
13	Ramie	Alkaline	Tensile strength of the ramie fibre improved from 4 to 18% compared to untreated fibre while Young’s modulus decreased.; Tensile strength increases as a result of a change in microfibrillar angle.	[152]
14	Bagasse	Alkaline	Improvement in tensile, flexural, and impact strength by 13%, 14%, and 16% compared to untreated fibres.	[153]
15	Sisal	Alkaline and benzoyl chloride treatment	Higher thermal stability.	[154]
16	Flax	Benzoyl chloride	Moisture absorption is reduced, and tensile properties are improved.	[155]
17	Jute	Alkaline	Improved dynamic mechanical properties.	[156]
18	Alfa	Styrene, acrylic acid, and maleic anhydride	These treatments resulted in reduced water uptake.	[157]
19	Kenaf	Alkaline	3% NaOH treatment led to ineffective removal of impurities.; 9% NaOH cleaned the fibre surface.	[158]
20	Coir	Alkali and UV radiation	Higher shrinkage of the polymer grafted with fibre resulted in physicomechanical properties.	[159]
21	Sisal/5% nanomontmorillonite (MMT)/PP	Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene	Improvement in tensile strength	[160]