Effect of Various Factors on Plant Fibre-Reinforced Composites with Nanofillers and Its Industrial Applications: A Critical Review

Table 3

Effect of various manufacturing methods on NFRC.

S. no	Fibre/matrix	Manufacturing method used	Effects	Reference
1	Long discontinuous kenaf and jute-reinforced polypropylene	Hot-press	Maximum tensile strength and modulus were obtained at 40% fibre weight fraction.	[179]
2	Short bamboo fibre	Injection molding	Improved mechanical properties.	[180]
3	Chicken feather fibre/PLA	Injection molding	The SEM image indicated that an even distribution of CFF in the PLA matrix existed.	[181]
4	Sisal, banana, jute, and flax/propylene	Extrusion and compression molding	Enhanced the mechanical properties.	[182]
5	Silk/gelation	Compression molding	Mechanical properties were increased.	[183]
6	Agave/epoxy	Hand layup	Wear properties were improved.	[184]
7	Luffa/coir/PP	Injection molding	Mechanical properties were improved.	[185]
8	Luffa/thermoplastic starch	Compression molding	Mechanical properties were improved.	[107]
9	Luffa and groundnut/epoxy	Hand layup	Mechanical properties were improved.	[105]
10	Alfa/polyester	Hand layup	Mechanical properties increased up to 5% NaOH treatment.	[186]
11	Snake grass/polyester	Hand layup	Mechanical properties were improved.	[187]
12	Tea/epoxy	Compression molding	Mechanical properties were improved.	[188]
13	Cissus quadrangularis stem fibre/unsaturated polyester	Compression molding	Mechanical properties were improved.	[189]
14	Short Sansevieria cylindrica/polyester	Compression molding	Mechanical properties were improved.	[111]
15	Tapsi fibre	Hand layup	Mechanical properties were improved.	[190]
16	Prosopis juliflora/epoxy	Hand layup	Mechanical properties were improved.	[14]
17	Tea leaf fibre	Compression molding	Mechanical properties were improved.	[191]
18	Flax	Compression molding	Mechanical properties were improved.	[192]
19	Long jute fibre yarn	Injection molding	Mechanical properties were improved.	[173]
20	Short date palm leaves	Injection molding	Mechanical properties were improved.	[193]
21	Wood flour/6% MMT/PP	Injection molding	Tensile and flexural strength were improved by 20% and 13%, respectively.	[194]
22	Sisal/2-5% MMT/epoxy	Compression molding	Tensile strength and tensile modulus were improved by 27% and 47%, respectively.	[195]
23	Sisal/5% nanoclay/epoxy	Compression molding	Water absorption was reduced by 1/3 times.	[195]
24	Hemp/nanoclay/polyester	Compression molding	Water absorption and tensile strength were reduced by 8% and 20%, respectively.	[196]
25	Bamboo/MMT/HDPE	Melt compounding	Mechanical properties were decreased.	[197]
26	Bamboo/CNT/epoxy	Hand layup	Tensile strength and flexural strength were increased by 6.67% and 5.8%, respectively.	[198]