Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled System for Secure and Efficient Logistics Management in the Era of IR 4.0

Table 1

Drawbacks of Exiting Logistics Management System.

Issues	Description	Author
Lack of trust, security, and privacy	The logistics management system comprises different stakeholders or players (suppliers, distributors, logistics enterprises, and manufacturers). Maintaining the integrity of customer information and product data is a challenging task.	Akram and Bross [20]
Lack of end-to-end visibility	Due to a large number of agents or parties that keep joining the logistics cycle, it leads to a lack of end-to-end visibility of information thereby leading to the complexity of the process which in turn creates an avenue for delayed accurate decision-making.	Korpela et al. [21]
Lack of transparency	As information is being exchanged in the logistics operation, it lacks transparency because anyone can join without laid down verification.	Hasan et al. [22]
Lack of efficiency	As multiple parties keep joining the logistics operation, the operational time keeps rising.	Wu et al. [23]
Low level of automation	There is a low level of automation in the sorting process due to the global expansion of logistics operation.	Zhou [24]
Lack of proper authentication among the stakeholders	Different stakeholders across the global logistics network without a proper authentication process can lead to fraud.	Dwivedi and Vollala [25]