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Approaches | Techniques | Advantages | Draw backs | Detection limits | Reference |
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Molecular-based approaches | Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | Higher sensitive and more specific. Method can be automated | Need DNA extraction, interface of inhibitors and can detect all cells | Present | [18–20] |
Multiplexed PCR | Sensitive, highly specific, and can detect multiple pathogens in one reaction with automation | Needs more specific primer designs, interface of inhibitors, and detects all type of pathogens | | [18–20] |
Real time PCR (RT-PCR) | Highly sensitive, specific, rapid, reliable, and reproductive results with specific time course detection | Most costly, interface of inhibitors, and detects all type of pathogens. Needs a trained technician and false results due to cross-contaminations | Present | [18–20] |
Nucleic-acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) | Sensitive, specific, and cost-effective method without PCR | Needs culturable pathogens and RNA samples are sensitive to handle | Present | [3, 21] |
Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) | Highly sensitive, highly specific, cost-effective, and easy to handle and operate | Complicated primer designing technology is needed | Present | [3] |
Oligonucleotide-DNA-based microarray | Highly sensitive, specific, high-throughput screening for multiple detection is possible | Cost is high, needs a trained technician and needs oligonucleotide probes and complicated detection systems | Present | [19–21] |
Biosensor based approaches | Optical-based biosensors | Higher sensitivity with real time detection and label-free detection can be integrated | Higher cost | Present | [18, 19, 22] |
| Electrochemical-based biosensors | High throughput analysis, automation, and label-free detection can be integrated | Lower specificity, fail to detect if a smaller number of microbes, and multistep analysis | Absent | [18, 19, 22] |
| Mass based biosensors | Low cost, user friendly, label-free, and real-time detection is possible | Less specific, lower specificality, time-consuming, and multistep protocols | Present | [18, 19, 22] |
Immunological based | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) | Very specific, automated, multiple detection systems | Lower sensitive, false results, trained technicians are needed, and labelling is needed | Present | [3, 18, 20] |
| Lateral flow immunoassay | Cost-effective, user friendly, reproducible, highly sensitive, and specific | Needs labelling procedures | Absent | [3] |
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