|
| Method | Advantages | Limitations | Detection limits | Reference |
|
| Standard PCR | Higher specificity, highly sensitive,
and automated systems | Need DNA extraction, interface of inhibitors,
and can detect all cells | Present | [23, 24] |
| Multiplexed PCR | Sensitive, highly specific, and can detect multiple pathogens in one reaction
with automation | Needs more specific primer designs, interface of inhibitors, and detects all type of pathogens | Present | [25, 26] |
| Real-time PCR | Highly sensitive, specific, rapid, reliable, and reproductive
results with specific
time course detection | Most costly, interface of inhibitors, and detects all type of pathogens. Needs a trained technician and false results due to cross-contaminations | Present | [27–29] |
| DNA microarray | Highly sensitive, specific, high-throughput screening for multiple detection is possible | Cost is high, needs trained technician and needs oligonucleotide probes and complicated
detection systems | Present | [14, 30, 31] |
| Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) | High selectivity can differentiate viable
and nonviable cells | Low sensitivity requires preenrichment and concentration steps for sample processing false-negative results possible high cost | Present | [17, 32] |
| Next generation sequencing. (NGS) | More specific and higher sensitive, can even characterize the pathogens in
biofilm forming infections | Needs DNA extraction procedures, high cost,
and complex computing analysis | Present | [33–35] |
| Immunological techniques | Highly specific and multiple samples can be analyzed | Less sensitive, cross reactivity for high possibility of false results and labelling procedures | Present | [36, 37] |
|
