|
Method | Advantages | Limitations | Detection limits | Reference |
|
Standard PCR | Higher specificity, highly sensitive, and automated systems | Need DNA extraction, interface of inhibitors, and can detect all cells | Present | [23, 24] |
Multiplexed PCR | Sensitive, highly specific, and can detect multiple pathogens in one reaction with automation | Needs more specific primer designs, interface of inhibitors, and detects all type of pathogens | Present | [25, 26] |
Real-time PCR | Highly sensitive, specific, rapid, reliable, and reproductive results with specific time course detection | Most costly, interface of inhibitors, and detects all type of pathogens. Needs a trained technician and false results due to cross-contaminations | Present | [27ā29] |
DNA microarray | Highly sensitive, specific, high-throughput screening for multiple detection is possible | Cost is high, needs trained technician and needs oligonucleotide probes and complicated detection systems | Present | [14, 30, 31] |
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) | High selectivity can differentiate viable and nonviable cells | Low sensitivity requires preenrichment and concentration steps for sample processing false-negative results possible high cost | Present | [17, 32] |
Next generation sequencing. (NGS) | More specific and higher sensitive, can even characterize the pathogens in biofilm forming infections | Needs DNA extraction procedures, high cost, and complex computing analysis | Present | [33ā35] |
Immunological techniques | Highly specific and multiple samples can be analyzed | Less sensitive, cross reactivity for high possibility of false results and labelling procedures | Present | [36, 37] |
|