|
| Nanoparticles | Characteristics | Synthetic approaches | Application(s) | Reference |
|
| Gold nanoparticles | (i) Redox activities, SERS
(ii)SPR
(iii) Fluorescent quenching | (i) Solution-based approach | (i) Electronic and electrochemical signal detection
(ii) Drug delivery
(iii) Cell imaging in molecular diagnostic procedures | [38] |
| Carbon-based nanostructures | (i) Elastic behavior
(ii) Equilibrium structure
(iii) Fundamental gaps
(iv) Interlayer spacing
(v) Lattice constant
(vi) Optical properties, viz., electrical and thermal transport | (i) Carbon arc discharge
(ii) Laser ablation
(iii) Vapor deposition | (i) Tissue engineering, biomedical implants, identification of malignant cells, and delivery
of bioactive substances
(ii) Development of electromechanical actuators and supercapacitors for robotics and automotives
(iii) Fuel cells (H-storage) for electric vehicles and smart gadgets
(iv) Development of field emission devices such as gas discharge tubes and lamps, microwave inducing devices, probes, and sensors | [39, 40] |
| Magnetic nanoparticles | (i) Magnetic eject lead by spinning electronically charged particles and zero coercivity | (i) Co-precipitation
(ii) Microemulsion, thermal decomposition
(iii) Solvothermal
(iv) Sonochemical
(v) Microwave-assisted; vapor deposition, combustion synthesis, carbon arc
(vi) Laser pyrolysis methods | (i) Drug delivery, NMR imaging, biomolecules separations, in vivo destruction of targeted cells by hyperthermia
(ii) Removal of organic and inorganic pollutants
(iii) Synthetic pigments for ceramics, porcelain, and paints | [41] |
| Silicon-based nanomaterials | (i) Optical characteristics
(ii) Bright emission
(iii) Photostability
(iv) Size-dependent and wavelength tunable luminescence and long fluorescence
(v) Electronic characteristics
(vi) Quantum confinement
(vii) Surface functionalization | (i) Pulsed laser ablation
(ii) Heating degradation
(iii) Ball milling
Chemical synthesis
(iv) Electrochemical etching | (i) Silicon-based light emission diodes (LED) multicolor
(ii) Lithium and solar cells
(iii) Microwave mediated filed-electron transistor
(iv) Photocatalyst for chemical and industrial application | [42] |
| Graphene oxides | (i) High strength
(ii) Improved electron mobility
(iii) Excellent electrical and thermal properties | (i) Approaches of bottom-up and top-down methods | (i) Gas transport, water treatment processes
(ii) Multiple-stimuli actuation: humidity, temperature, light, electronic, chemical etc.
(iii) Noncorrosive resistance
(iv) Lithium cells
(v) Supercapacitors | [43] |
| Dendrimers | (i) Low viscosities
(ii) Miscible and highly soluble
(iii) Enhanced surface area and encapsulation abilities | (i) Divergent
(ii) Convergent methods | (i) Drug delivery
(ii) Gene vehicles
(iii) Photodynamic therapeutic agents
(iv) Water filtration and testing | [44, 45] |
| Conducting polymers | (i) Electric properties
(ii) High conductivity
(iii) Microwave absorbing properties
(iv) Nonlinear optical properties
(v) Wettability | Chemical methods
(i) Electrochemical methods
(ii) Emulsion method
(iii) Photochemical method
(iv) Plasma polymerization
(v) Pyrolysis | (i) Electromagnetic shielding materials
(ii) LEDs and solar cells
(iii) Microwave absorbing materials
(iv) Rechargeable batteries
(v) Sensors | [46] |
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