Nanomaterials Based Monitoring of Food- and Water-Borne Pathogens

Table 4

Nanomaterial based sensor platforms reported for water quality assessment.

Sensing technique	Nanomaterial	Analytes	Reference
Optical methods
Colorimetric based	Gold and silver NPs	NO2, NO3, cocaine, Pb^II, Cu^II, and Hg^II	[75–79]
Fluorescence	Quantum dots	Heavy metals (Cd^II, Pb^II, Hg^II, and Cu^II)	[80–91]
Surface-enhanced Raman; spectroscopy (SERS)	Gold NPs	Pesticides, bacteria, viruses, and protozoa	[92–97]
Electrical methods
Chemiresistors	Gold nanowires; Metal oxide semiconductor; Nanowires; Polymer nanowires	Halides; Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NO2	[98]; [99–101]; [102–104]
Field-effect transistors	Silicon nanowires (SiNWs); Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides; Gold nanoparticle functionalized; polymeric FETs; Phosphorene (black phosphorus)	Nucleic acids and influenza; Glucose, H2O2, proteins, Hg^II, and pH; Hg^II; IgG protein	[105, 106]; [107, 108]; [109]
Electrochemical	Graphene; Carbon nanotubes; Copper nanowire electrodes; Polymeric nanocomposite; Membranes; Reduced graphene oxide/gold nanoparticle nanocomposite	Bacteria; Ammonium, CoII, and organophosphate pesticides; Nitrate; AgI, HgII, and CuII; Organophosphate pesticides	[110]; [111–113]; [114]; [115]; [116]
Magnetic methods
Magnetoresistance	Magnetite (Fe3O4); maghemite (γ -Fe2O3)	Mycobacterium bovis; Influenza A	[70, 71, 117]
Hydrodynamic property changes	Magnetite (Fe3O4)	Spore detection	[72]
T2-relaxation magnetic resonance	Magnetic beads	Salmonella enterica and Newcastle disease virus (as a representative virus); E. coli 0157:H7	[73, 118]