Nanomaterials Based Monitoring of Food- and Water-Borne Pathogens

Table 5

Comparison of nanotechnology-based food-borne pathogen detection techniques.

Technique	Nanomaterial	Duration	Targets	Sensitivity	Evaluated matrices	Sample pretreatment
Colorimetric; (non-LFA)	AuNP	5 min to 5 h	Bacterial cell DNA	10^3 CFU/ml 5 pM–0.44 nM	Pure culture, water	PCR needed for; DNA detection
Colorimetric (LFA)	AuNP	15–30 min	Bacterial cell DNA	~10^2–10 ^6CFU/ml 1.25 fM–50 pM	Various food samples	IMS, PCR
Fluorescence	QD, CD, graphene, carbon nanotube, lanthanide NP	Assay dependent	Bacterial cell DNA	5–10^3 CFU/ml 10–10^3 CFU/ml	Chicken rinsate, apple juice, milk products	IMS
Chemiluminescence	AuNP, AgNP, platinum NP, QD, MNP, bimetallic	~2 h	Reported for bacterial toxin detection only	Ten times lower than traditional ELISA^b	Not reported	Cation exchanger carboxy methylcellulose chromatography
SPR	AuNP	~1 h	Bacterial cell	10^5 CFU/ml	Pure culture
LSPR	AuNP	~1 h	Bacterial cell DNA	10^4–10^7 CFU/ml; 10 fM	Pure culture	PCR
SERS	AuNP, AgNP	5 min to 2 h	Bacterial cell	Label-free: 10^5–10^6 CFU/ml; labelled: 15–10^2 CFU/ml	Various food matrices and clinical specimens	PCR, IMS
Electrochemical	AuNP, AgNP, MNP	~1 h	Bacterial cell, DNA	1–10^3 CFU/ml	Meat, water, milk	PCR needed for; DNA detection
SALDI-MS	AuNP, AgNP, carbon nanotube, titanium NP, graphene	~30 min	Bacterial cell	10^3–10^5 CFU/ml	Pure culture, apple juice	Centrifugation of; food matrix
Piezoelectric	AuNP		DNA		Pure culture

Measured without sample enrichment.