Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Mono- and Bimetallic (Au–Ag) Nanoparticles: Future Prospects for Food Quality and Safety

Table 1

Recent progress in green synthesis of mono- (Au and Ag) and bimetallic (Au–Ag) nanoparticles based on a single-plant extract during the last two decades (2000–2020).

Plant	Type of nanoparticles	Size (nm)	Morphology and nature	Applications	References
Azadirachta indica	Au	–	Triangular and hexagonal	Not reported	[38]
	Ag	5–35	Spherical
	Au–Ag	50–100	Spherical; core–shell
Volvariella volvacea	Au	20–150	Triangular nanoprisms	Not reported	[39]
	Ag	∼15	Spherical
	Au–Ag	–	Alloy
Swietenia mahogany JACQ	Au	–	Spherical	Not reported	[40]
	Ag	–	Spherical
	Au–Ag	–	Spherical; alloy
Anacardium occidentale	Au	6.5	Spherical	Not reported	[41]
	Ag	5	spherical
	Au–Ag	8	Spherical; alloy and core–shell
Brassica oleacea var. capitata	Au	20 ± 3	Spherical and triangular	Not reported	[11]
	Ag	–	–
	Au–Ag	25–200	Spherical; alloy and core/shell
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.	Au	16–25	Spheroids with triangles & hexagons		[42]
	Ag	17–31	Predominantly spherical
	Au–Ag	–	Predominantly spherical; alloy and core/shell
Potamogeton pectinatus L.	Au	8.4	Spherical, few nanotriangles	Not reported	[33]
	Ag	50.4	Spherical
	Au–Ag	6.6	Spherical; alloy
Piper pedicellatum C. DC	Au	2–40	Triangular, hexagonal, and pentagonal	Not reported	[43]
	Ag	2–30	Spherical
	Au–Ag	3–45	Spherical, triangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal; alloy
Plumbago zeylanica	Au	20–30	Nanospheres and nanotriangles	Biofilm inhibition	[44]
	Ag	60	Nanospheres
	Au–Ag	90	Hexagonal blunt-ended
Lansium domesticum	Au	20–40	Triangular and hexagonal	Biocompatibility, and antimicrobial activity	[45]
	Ag	10–30	Spherical
	Au–Ag	150–300	Branched spherical; alloy
Catharanthus roseus Linn	Au	25–65	Spherical, triangles, hexagonals, and rods	Antibacterial and anticandidal activity	[46]
	Ag	11–26	Spherical
	Au-Ag	20–25	Spherical; core-shell
Jasminum sambac	Au	20–50	Spherical	Antimicrobial activity	[47]
	Ag		Spherical
	Au–Ag		Spherical; alloy
Rivea hypocrateriformis	Au	20–30	Spherical	Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities	[48]
	Ag		Spherical
	Au–Ag		Spherical; alloy
Gloriosa superba	Au	Avg. 20	Triangular and spherical	Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity	[49]
	Ag	Avg. 20	Triangular and spherical
	Au–Ag	10	Spherical
Guazuma ulmifolia L.	Au	20–25	Spherical	DNA/protein interactions, photocatalytic, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents	[50]
	Ag	10–15	Spherical
	Au–Ag	10–20	Spherical; alloy
Cannabis sativa	Au	–	Triangular and spherical	Antibacterial and antileishmanial activity	[51]
	Ag	–
	Au–Ag	–	Triangular and spherical; alloy
Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach.	Au	6–19	Spherical	Catalytic reduction of 4-NP	[35]
	Ag	6–19	Spherical
	Au–Ag	6–21	Spherical and polygonal; alloy
Solidago canadensis	Au	238.2	Spherical, few are triangular, and rod-like shapes	–	[36]
	Ag	180.6	Spherical, few are triangular, and rod-like
	Au–Ag	186.3	Spherical, few are triangular, and rod-like
Stigmaphyllon ovatum	Au	80	Triangular	Cytotoxicity	[52]
	Ag	24	–
	Au–Ag	15	Alloy
Solidago canadensis	Au	21.3	Spherical	–	[53]
	Ag	32.2	Spherical
	Au–Ag	25.9	Spherical, few are triangular, and rodlike
Madhuca longifolia	Au	36–60	Spherical	Wound healing bioefficacy	[54]
	Ag	35–50	Spherical
	Au–Ag	34–66	Spherical
Asparagus racemosus	Au	10–50	Spherical	Antibacterial and immunomodulatory potentials	[55]
	Ag	10–50	Spherical
	Au–Ag	10–50	Spherical; alloy
Polyalthia longifolia	Au	5–20	Spherical	Catalytic activity for dye (methylene blue, methyl violet, and methyl orange) degradation	[56]
	Ag	5–20	Spherical
	Au–Ag	5–20	Spherical; alloy
Moringa oleifera	Au	96 nm	–	Anticancer activities	[57]
	Ag	129 nm	–
	Au–Ag	11–25 nm	Hexagonal, triangular, and spherical shape
Pulicaria undulata	Au	–	Irregular or anisotropic	Catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol	[58]
	Ag	–	Irregular or anisotropic
	Au–Ag	5–12	anisotropic with attached spherical
Syzygium aromaticum	Au	Avg. 27.12	Hexagons and polyhedral	antioxidant and catalytic reduction of p-NP, methyl orange, and mrthylene blue	[37]
	Ag	Avg. 17.94	FCC type of crystal structure
	Au–Ag	Avg. 16.04	Hexagonal and polygonal; alloy