Review Article
Utilization of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in Biodiesel Production and Property Enhancement
Table 1
Biodiesel production from vegetable oil using different nanocatalysts.
| | Feedstock | Nanocatalyst (wt%) | Operating parameters | Yield (%) | Ref. | | MOR | T (°C) | Time (hr) |
| | Vegetable oil | Palm oil | CaO–Al2O3 (6) | 12 : 1 | 65 | 5 | 98.64 | [27] | | CaO–CeO2 (5) | 20 : 1 | 85 | 3 | 95 | [28] | | Rapeseed oil | Li/Fe3O4 (0.8) | 12 : 1 | 35 | 0.58 | 99.8 | [29] | | Soybean oil | MgAlCe (5) | 9 : 1 | 67 | 3 | >90 | [30] | | Sunflower oil | MgO/MgFe2O4 (4) | 12 : 1 | 110 | 4 | 91.2 | [31] | | Jatropha oil | MgO–ZnO (3) | 25 : 1 | 120 | 3 | 83 | [32] | | Neem oil | Copper-doped zinc oxide (10) | 10 : 1 | 55 | 1 | 97.18 | [33] |
| | Animal fat | Chicken oil | CaO/CuFe2O4 (3) | 15 : 1 | 70 | 4 | 94.52 | [34] | | Goat fat | MgO (1) | 12 : 1 | 70 | 3 | 93.12 | [35] | | Mutton fat | Lithium ions-supported MgO (5) | 12 : 1 | – | 40 min | 99 | [36] |
| | Waste cooking oil (WCO) | Copper/zinc oxide (12) | 8 : 1 | 55 | 0.833 | 97.71 | [37] | | CaO (1) | 8 : 1 | 50 | 1.5 | 96 | [38] | | CaO–ZrO2 (10) | 30 : 1 | 65 | 2 | 92.1 | [39] | | MgO (2) | 24 : 1 | 65 | 1 | 93.3 | [40] | | TiO2–MgO (5) | 30 : 1 5 | 150 | 6 | >85 | [41] |
| | Microalgae oil | Waste-based calcium oxide (2) | 11 : 1 | 60 | 3 | 92 | [42] | | Nano-Ca(OCH3)2 (calcium methoxide) (3) | 30 : 1 | 80 | 3 | 99 | [43] |
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MOR, methanol-to-oil ratio.
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