Utilization of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in Biodiesel Production and Property Enhancement

Table 4

Effects of nanoadditives in diesel/biodiesel mixed fuel.

Nanoparticle	Diesel blend with	Main effects increase(s) (↑) and decrease(s) (↓)					Ref.
		BTE (%)	BSFC (%)	HC (%)	CO (%)	NOx (%)
ZnO	Soyabean biodiesel	↑23.2	↓26.66	↓32.24	↓28.21	↓21.66	[77]
Al2O3	Jatropha biodiesel	↑7.8	↓4.93	↓5.69	↓11.24	↓9.39	[78]
Graphene oxide	Dairy scum oil	↑11.56	↓8.34	↓21.68	↓38.62	↓5.62	[79]
GNPs	Palm oil	↑22.80	↓5.05	↓25	↓4.41	↑3.65	[80]
NiO	Neem oil	↑2.9	↓1.8	–	–	↓6.2	[81]
CNTs	Cooking oil	↑8.12	↓7.12	↓	↓	↑	[82]
CeO2–MWCNT	Waste cooking oil	–	4.50	↓71.40	↓38.8	↓18.90	[83]
CuO	Pongamia	↑4.01	↓1.0	–	–	↓9.8	[84]