Dietary Glycemic Index, Dietary Glycemic Load, Blood Lipids, and Coronary Heart Disease

Table 1

Characteristics of participants in the Health Worker Cohort Study by quartiles of dietary glycemic index and dietary glycemic load.

	Quartiles of dietary glycemic index					Quartiles of dietary glycemic load
	Q1 (55)^1	Q2 (67)	Q3 (77)	Q4 (94)	𝑃-value^x	Q1 (63)^1	Q2 (158)	Q3 (296)	Q4 (525)	𝑃-value^x
	(𝑛=1458)^2	(𝑛=1457)	(𝑛=1458)	(𝑛=1457)		(𝑛=1458)^2	(𝑛=1457)	(𝑛=1458)	(𝑛=1457)
Sex (women )^€	74.4	70.6	72.7	69.8	.03	74.3	74.2	69.6	67.6	.001
Age (years) ^†	40.9	40.2	40.0	39.2	<.01	39.4	40.5	39.9	38.7	.01
BMI (kg/m) ^‡	26.6	26.8	26.5	26.9	.01	26.9	26.6	26.7	27.3	.04
Body fat proportion (% of fat) ^†	30.9	30.7	31.0	31.4	.1	30.9	31.0	31.0	31.1	.2
Waist Circumference (cm) ^†	89.0	89.4	89.2	89.9	.001	89.6	89.1	89.5	90.1	.05
Physical Activity (mets/week) ^†	120.4	124.8	124.8	121.7	.8	114.5	118.5	126.6	136.5	<.001
Smoking (% )^€
Current	16.5	18.6	21.2	24.7	<.001	25.2	19.4	21.5	18.2	.3
Past	24.1	23.3	24.4	24.5		15.8	23.6	24.6	27.2
Never	59.4	58.1	54.4	50.8		58.0	57.0	53.9	54.6
Multivitamin Use (% )^€
Current	7.3	6.5	6.0	5.3	.1	4.1	6.3	6.6	5.6	.1
Past	24.2	24.1	25.7	23.7		20.5	24.0	24.8	26.6
Never	68.5	69.4	68.3	71.0		75.4	69.7	68.6	67.8
Nutrient Intake ^†
Total energy (kcal/day)*	2093	2218	2252	2171	<.01	1000	1701	2561	3767	<.001
Carbohydrate (% energy)*	57.9	58.9	61.1	63.6	<.001	50.4	57.9	62.7	67.9	<.001
Protein (% energy)*	22.5	22.0	21.1	19.8	<.001	27.5	22.7	19.9	17.5	<.001
Saturated fat (% energy)*	9.3	9.4	8.9	8.3	<.001	10.8	9.4	8.6	7.6	<.001
Trans fat (% energy)*	0.53	0.49	0.44	0.39	<.001	0.48	0.47	0.45	0.42	<.001
Monounsaturated fat (% energy)*	10.6	10.4	9.9	9.3	<.001	12.1	10.5	9.5	8.7	<.002
Polyunsaturated fat (% energy)*	4.6	4.4	4.1	3.9	<.001	5.0	4.5	4.0	3.8	<.001
Cholesterol (mg/day)*	245	259	248	239	.08	164	215	274	350	<.001
Fiber (mg/day)*	18.5	17.7	17.0	14.4	<.001	7.9	13.7	19.1	29.0	<.001
Magnesium (mg/day)*	374	386	385	348	<.001	184	298	429	639	<.001
Folate (mg/day)*	372	404	411	379	.3	171	305	449	729	<.001
Alcohol (g/day)*	2.7	3.7	4.8	4.3	<.001	2.2	3.3	4.4	5.6	<.001

^x𝑃 values from linear regression (continuous variables) or chi2 test (categorical variables); ¹Median of dietary glycemic index and dietary glycemic load by quartile of consumption; ²Sample size by quartile of dietary glycemic index and dietary glycemic load; ^†Means; ^€percentages; ^∗Energy-adjusted using the residual method; ^‡BMI, body mass index.