Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism

Research Article

Hop and Acacia Phytochemicals Decreased Lipotoxicity in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes, db/db Mice, and Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome

Table 3

Changes in dietary intake at 8 weeks and 12 weeks by treatment arm.
Arm 1 + 4 (placebo)Arm 2 (3 tablets)Arm 3 (6 tablets) 𝑃 -value 𝑃 -value 𝑃 -value
ValueChange from baselineValueChange from baselineValueChange from baseline(1 + 4 versus 2)(1 + 4 versus 3)(2 versus 3)
Total energy (kJ)
 8 weeks 6 3 6 5 ± 2 3 0 − 𝟏 𝟗 𝟒 𝟔 ± 𝟒 𝟐 𝟕 † 6 2 3 1 ± 3 4 7 − 𝟐 𝟕 𝟗 𝟏 ± 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 † 6 2 1 5 ± 3 3 1 − 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟗 ± 𝟕 𝟏 𝟔 † .66.27.12
 12 weeks 6 1 6 9 ± 3 0 6 − 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟎 ± 𝟓 𝟏 𝟗 † 6 3 5 3 ± 3 1 0 − 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 𝟓 ± 𝟒 𝟓 𝟐 † 6 3 7 8 ± 4 3 1 − 𝟐 𝟗 𝟕 𝟔 ± 𝟕 𝟏 𝟔 † .78.46.30
Carbohydrate (g)
 8 weeks 1 9 8 . 0 ± 9 . 1 − 𝟑 𝟐 . 𝟔 ± 𝟏 𝟑 . 𝟗 ∗ 1 9 0 . 7 ± 1 2 . 3 − 𝟕 𝟑 . 𝟖 ± 𝟏 𝟗 . 𝟓 † 1 8 3 . 8 ± 1 0 . 5 − 𝟕 𝟗 . 𝟖 ± 𝟐 𝟓 . 𝟕 † .83.14.09
 12 weeks 1 9 2 . 8 ± 1 0 . 4 − 𝟑 𝟕 . 𝟕 ± 𝟏 𝟔 . 𝟐 ∗ 1 9 1 . 2 ± 1 0 . 6 − 𝟕 𝟔 . 𝟎 ± 𝟏 𝟖 . 𝟏 † 1 9 3 . 9 ± 1 3 . 9 − 𝟔 𝟗 . 𝟕 ± 𝟐 𝟔 . 𝟐 ∗ .83.18.26
Protein (g)
 8 weeks 7 8 . 8 ± 3 . 4 − 3 . 8 ± 4 . 9 7 7 . 3 ± 3 . 2 − 𝟏 𝟎 . 𝟏 ± 𝟒 . 𝟎 ∗ 7 9 . 0 ± 4 . 1 − 5 . 3 ± 5 . 5 .50.36.83
 12 weeks 7 4 . 6 ± 3 . 9 − 8 . 0 ± 5 . 8 7 5 . 9 ± 4 . 2 − 𝟏 𝟏 . 𝟗 ± 𝟒 . 𝟒 ∗ 8 1 . 5 ± 4 . 8 − 2 . 8 ± 6 . 3 .27.62.51
Total fat (g)
 8 weeks 4 8 . 1 ± 2 . 4 − 𝟑 𝟑 . 𝟔 ± 𝟓 . 𝟔 † 4 8 . 7 ± 3 . 9 − 𝟑 𝟑 . 𝟔 ± 𝟔 . 𝟔 † 5 0 . 4 ± 3 . 6 − 𝟒 𝟒 . 𝟓 ± 𝟖 . 𝟓 † .28.99.27
 12 weeks 4 7 . 3 ± 3 . 5 − 𝟑 𝟒 . 𝟒 ± 𝟔 . 𝟎 † 5 1 . 1 ± 3 . 3 − 𝟑 𝟐 . 𝟎 ± 𝟔 . 𝟏 † 5 0 . 0 ± 4 . 6 − 𝟒 𝟒 . 𝟗 ± 𝟕 . 𝟕 † .18.80.26
Saturated fat (g)
 8 weeks 1 6 . 0 ± 0 . 9 − 𝟏 𝟏 . 𝟗 ± 𝟐 . 𝟏 † 1 4 . 9 ± 1 . 4 − 𝟏 𝟐 . 𝟕 ± 𝟐 . 𝟕 † 1 5 . 3 ± 1 . 2 − 𝟏 𝟕 . 𝟏 ± 𝟑 . 𝟐 † .25.85.16
 12 weeks 1 6 . 7 ± 1 . 4 − 𝟏 𝟏 . 𝟑 ± 𝟐 . 𝟑 † 1 5 . 2 ± 1 . 2 − 𝟏 𝟐 . 𝟓 ± 𝟐 . 𝟔 † 1 5 . 3 ± 1 . 5 − 𝟏 𝟕 . 𝟏 ± 𝟐 . 𝟖 † .21.74.11
Fruit (serving)
 8 weeks 2 . 6 ± 0 . 3 0 . 0 2 ± 0 . 3 3 2 . 6 ± 0 . 3 − 0 . 0 3 ± 0 . 4 8 2 . 2 ± 0 . 2 − 0 . 1 ± 0 . 3 .87.93.80
 12 weeks 2 . 3 ± 0 . 2 − 0 . 0 4 ± 0 . 3 4 2 . 3 ± 0 . 3 − 0 . 3 0 ± 0 . 4 4 2 . 1 ± 0 . 3 − 0 . 3 ± 0 . 4 .96.63.68
Vegetable (serving)
 8 weeks 4 . 2 ± 0 . 3 𝟏 . 𝟏 ± 𝟎 . 𝟒 † 4 . 3 ± 0 . 4 𝟏 . 𝟎 ± 𝟎 . 𝟒 ∗ 3 . 5 ± 0 . 3 0 . 3 ± 0 . 3 .18.74.09
 12 weeks 3 . 5 ± 0 . 4 0 . 4 ± 0 . 4 4 . 2 ± 0 . 3 0 . 8 ± 0 . 4 3 . 9 ± 0 . 3 0 . 7 ± 0 . 4 .93.57.63
Soluble fiber (g)
 8 weeks 2 . 7 ± 0 . 3 𝟎 . 𝟗 ± 𝟎 . 𝟑 † 2 . 4 ± 0 . 2 − 0 . 7 ± 0 . 7 2 . 0 ± 0 . 2 𝟎 . 𝟔 ± 𝟎 . 𝟐 † .04.01.65
 12 weeks 2 . 7 ± 0 . 2 𝟎 . 𝟗 ± 𝟎 . 𝟑 † 2 . 5 ± 0 . 2 − 0 . 6 ± 0 . 6 2 . 7 ± 0 . 3 𝟏 . 𝟒 ± 𝟎 . 𝟑 † < .01.01.42
Insoluble fiber (g)
 8 weeks 7 . 1 ± 0 . 6 𝟐 . 𝟔 ± 𝟎 . 𝟕 † 5 . 8 ± 0 . 4 0 . 4 ± 0 . 8 5 . 3 ± 0 . 6 1 . 2 ± 0 . 6 .44.03.14
 12 weeks 6 . 4 ± 0 . 6 𝟏 . 𝟗 ± 𝟎 . 𝟖 ∗ 6 . 1 ± 0 . 5 0 . 7 ± 0 . 8 6 . 5 ± 0 . 6 𝟐 . 𝟒 ± 𝟎 . 𝟔 † .11 . 2 1 .68
Data expressed as mean ± SE. ∗ 𝑃 < . 0 5 , † 𝑃 < . 0 1 compared to baseline.