The Relation of Coffee Consumption to Serum Uric Acid in Japanese Men and Women Aged 49–76 Years

Table 4

Age-adjusted and multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of hyperuricemia according to coffee consumption in men and women.

	Coffee (cups/d)					P for trend*
	0	<1	1–3	4–6	≥7
Men
No. of hyperuricemic  cases	178	254	405	85	15
Age-adjusted OR  (95% CI)	1.00 (reference)	0.91 (0.73–1.12)	0.81 (0.67–0.99)	0.71 (0.53–0.95)	0.62 (0.35–1.10)	.004
Multivariate-adjusted  OR (95% CI)^†	1.00 (reference)	0.81 (0.64–1.02)	0.74 (0.60–0.92)	0.70 (0.51–0.96)	0.71 (0.39–1.30)	.007
Women
No. of hyperuricemic  cases	11	25	38	8	1
Age-adjusted OR  (95% CI)	1.00 (reference)	1.37 (0.67–2.79)	1.23 (0.62–2.43)	1.87 (0.76–4.62)		.36
Multivariate-adjusted  OR (95% CI)^†	1.00 (reference)	1.32 (0.63–2.75)	1.18 (0.59–2.39)	1.30 (0.50–3.38)		.72

CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio.
* P values were obtained by assigning ordinal values to categories of coffee consumption.
^†Adjusted for age (continuous), BMI (continuous), smoking (never, past, <20, or ≥20 cigarettes/d), alcohol use (never, past, <30, 30–59, or ≥60 mL/d), work-related physical activity and leisure-time physical activity (each categorized at quartiles), hypertension, diabetes, eGFR (<60, 60–89, or ≥90 mL/minute/1.73 m²), and seafood intake (quartiles of daily intake for each sex).