Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load and Their Association with C-Reactive Protein and Incident Type 2 Diabetes
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of 4,366 Dutch adults aged ≥55 years by tertiles of energy-adjusted glycemic index (GI).1
Low GI (<57.6)
Moderate GI (57.6–<60.3)
High GI (≥60.3)
()
()
()
Age (years)
67.3 (7.9)
67.7 (7.7)
66.9 (7.4)
Sex (% male)
26.6
39.7
54.5
Body Mass Index (kg/m2)
26.5 (3.6)
26.2 (3.4)
26.0 (3.8)
C-reactive protein (mg/L)2
1.6 (0.80–2.9)
1.7 (0.83–3.0)
1.7 (0.83–3.1)
Anti-inflammatory medication (%)
8.0
6.6
7.7
Family history of diabetes (%)
26.5
26.8
29.7
History of CHD (%)
10.0
11.9
13.4
Smoking (% current)
15.8
20.4
32.0
Education level (% low)
33.6
33.5
35.7
Dietary intake
Total energy (kcal/d)
1967 (555)
2005 (491)
1971 (464)
Carbohydrate (en%)
44.2 (6.6)
44.7 (6.6)
43.7 (7.6)
Mono- and disacharides (en%)
24.5 (5.7)
22.6 (5.5)
19.7 (6.5)
Polysacharides (en%)
19.7 (3.7)
22.0 (3.7)
23.7 (4.4)
Energy-adjusted glycemic load
119 (19.0)
128 (20.1)
133 (23.1)
Fiber (g/d)
27.1 (8.3)
26.3 (6.4)
25.1 (6.6)
Protein (en%)
18.0 (3.3)
16.7 (2.8)
16.2 (2.8)
Fat (en%)
35.9 (6.3)
36.5 (6.1)
37.3 (6.2)
Saturated fatty acids (en%)
14.3 (3.4)
14.4 (3.1)
14.6 (3.1)
Mono-unsaturated fatty acids (en%)
12.3 (2.7)
12.3 (2.7)
12.6 (2.8)
Poly-unsaturated fatty acids (en%)
6.5 (2.8)
7.0 (2.8)
7.3 (2.9)
Alcohol drinkers (%)
79.2
82.2
79.9
Alcohol (g/d)2,3
6.0 (1.3–15.7)
6.4 (1.4–16.3)
8.7 (1.8–21.8)
1Means (SD) or percentages unless otherwise indicated. 2Values are expressed as median (interquartile range), because of their skewed distribution. 3Only in alcohol drinkers.
