Present Status and Perspectives on the Use of Alkylresorcinols as Biomarkers of Wholegrain Wheat and Rye Intake

Table 2

Correlations of plasma alkylresorcinol concentration with different measurements of wholegrain intake from previously published studies.

N	Gender	Country	Type of study	Dietary assessment method	Dietary exposure parameter	Correlation	value	C17 : 0/C21 : 0	Reference
39	F^a	Finland	Intervention	4DFR^b	Rye bread intake	0.34	0.037	0.84	[95]
39	F	Finland	Intervention	4DFR	Insoluble fibre	0.39	0.013	0.84	[95]
28	F+M	Sweden	Intervention	3DFR^c	AR	0.58	<0.001	0.30	[77]
56	F	Finland	Free-living	5DFR^d	Cereal fibre	0.38	0.004	0.62	[66]
29	F+M	Switzerland	Free-living	3DWFR^e	WG intake	0.57	<0.001	0.17	[76]
29	F+M	Switzerland	Free-living	WG FFQ^f	WG intake	0.55	<0.001	0.17	[76]
360	F	Denmark	Prospective	FFQ^g	Rye bread intake	0.25	<0.001	0.40	[70]
266	F+M	UK	Intervention	FFQ	WG intake	0.35^i	<0.001	0.07	[63]
266	F+M	UK	Intervention	FFQ	WW^h intake	0.43^i	<0.001	0.07	[63]
266	F+M	UK	Intervention	FFQ	AR intake	0.39^i	<0.001	0.07	[63]

^aF: female, M: male
^b4DFR: 4-day food record
^c3DFR: 3-day food record
^d5DFR: 5-day food record
^e3DWFD: 3-day weighed food diary
^fWG-FFQ: Wholegrain food frequency questionnaire
^gGeneral diet food frequency questionnaire
^hWW: Wholegrain wheat
ⁱAfter 16-week intervention.