Present Status and Perspectives on the Use of Alkylresorcinols as Biomarkers of Wholegrain Wheat and Rye Intake

Table 4

Plasma AR concentrations when subjects have consumed low or essentially AR-free diets.

N	Gender	Country	AR intake (mg/d)	Intervention type	Duration of intervention period (weeks)	Median	Mean	SD	Range	Reference
39	F^a	FI	5.34^b	Replace all bread with intervention breads	8		36.6	26.2	10.9–55.8^c	[95]
15	F+M	FI	3^b	Replace all bread with intervention breads	1		25–30	12–41	5.5–171	[27]
28	F+M	SE	6.8	All cereal foods provided	6		59	57	9–220	[77]
17	M	SE	8.2	Replace all cereal foods	6	33	72	101	17–410	[54]
17	F+M	CH	5	Fully controlled diet	2	40	44	17	27–89	[51]
34	F	DK	3.1^d	Replace part of cereals in diet	12	61	78	43.7	16–246	[74]
266	F+M	UK	17	WG consumption < 30 g/d	0	69.5	84.3	136	10–875	[63]
16	F+M	SE	WG-free diet	Avoid all WG foods	1		60–68	33–37	23–178	[45]
17	F+M	CH	WG-free diet	Avoid all WG foods	1	19–32	25–38	13–21	7–82	[51]

^a F: female, M: male
^bEstimated intake from refined wheat bread intake
^cExcludes outliers
^dAmount provided by intervention, not total diet.