RCT: randomized controlled trial; RCO: randomized crossover; NT: nonrandomized trial; M: male; F: female; HDBR: head-down bed rest; 22BR: horizontal or head-up bed rest; SIT: sitting; CAST: casting; FG: fasting glucose; FI: fasting insulin; TG: triglycerides; HDL: HDL-cholesterol; LDL: LDL-cholesterol; IS: insulin sensitivity; GT: glucose tolerance. When an intervention was described in more than one paper, the author name and year are taken from the earliest publication.