Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Hepatic Steatosis: Species-Specific Effects on Liver and Adipose Lipid Metabolism and Gene Expression

Table 2

Studies showing that trans-10, cis-12 CLA induced significant (P < 0.05) increases (↑), decreases (↓), or no change (↔) (P > 0.05) in hepatic gene expression and circulating levels of insulin, adipokines, and TNF-α. Genes are classified based on their ascribed function.

	Mice^1			Rats^2			Hamsters^3
	↑	↓	↔	↑	↓	↔	↑	↓	↔
Lipogenesis
ACC	5 (126)^4	—	1	—	—	—	1 (99)	—	1
FASN	7 (243)	—	1	—	1 (50)	2	—	—	2
SCD1	2 (150)	—	3	—	1 (80)	—	—	—	—
SREBP-1c	3 (53)	—	2	—	1 (40)	4	—	—	3
PPAR-γ	2 (200)	—	—	—	—	2	—	—	—
ME	5 (205)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
FA uptake, secretion, and oxidation
CPT1	4 (107)	1 (59)	1	—	—	—	—	—	2
ACO	5 (117)	—	1	2 (130)	—	4	—	—	2
PPAR-α	—	1 (53)	—	1 (125)	—	—	—	—	3
FAT/CD36	3 (533)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
LPL	—	—	1	—	—	—	—	—	1
Insulin, adipokines, and TNFα
Insulin	12 (2492)	1 (29)	3	—	—	3	—	—	1
Adiponectin	—	6 (77)	5	—	—	—	—	—	—
Leptin	—	10 (71)	—	—	—	1	—	—	—
TNF-α	—	4 (32)	1		1 (44)	2	—	—	—

↑, ↓, ↔; increase, decrease or no changes respectively.
¹ Studies used: [27, 29–35, 45, 95, 96].
² Studies used: [49–52, 97].
³Studies used: [54, 56, 59, 61].
⁴Number of observations (mean percent change).
ACC: acetyl CoA carboxylase, FASN: fatty acid synthase, SCD1: stearoyl CoA desaturase-1, SREBP-1c: sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, PPAR-γ: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ, ME: malic enzyme, CPT1: carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1, ACO: acyl-CoA oxidase, PPARα: peroxisomal proliferator activated receptorα; FAT/CD36: fatty acid translocase, LPL: lipoprotein lipase.