The Intake of Energy and Selected Nutrients by Thai Urban Sedentary Workers: An Evaluation of Adherence to Dietary Recommendations
Table 3
Energy and nutrient intakes classified by genders.
Variables
Male ()
Female ()
Median (IQR)
%DRI
Adherent (%)
Nonadherent; (%)
Median (IQR)
%DRI
Adherent (%)
Nonadherent; (%)
Insufficient (%)
Excessive (%)
Insufficient (%)
Excessive (%)
Energy (kcal)
1,485 (270)
a
71.2
b
16 (21.3)
c
59 (78.7)
0 (0.0)
1,428 (280)
a
80.1
b
68 (48.6)
c
69 (49.3)
3 (2.1)
Carbohydrate (g)
203 (50)
a
NA
NA
NA
NA
194 (43)
a
NA
NA
NA
NA
Protein (g)
61 (15)
a
106.7
57 (76.0)
0 (0.0)
18 (24.0)
56 (13)
a
108.6
92 (65.7)
9 (6.4)
39 (27.9)
Animal protein (g)
30 (14)a
NA
NA
NA
NA
31 (11)a
NA
NA
NA
NA
Fat (g)
52 (18)
a
NA
NA
NA
NA
44 (16)
a
NA
NA
NA
NA
Carbohydrate (energy percentage)
54.4 (7.9)
a
NA
67 (89.3)
5 (6.7)
3 (4.0)
56.0 (9.1)
a
NA
133 (95.0)
4 (2.9)
3 (2.1)
Protein (energy percentage)
15.9 (3.2)
NA
57 (76.0)
0 (0.0)
18 (24.0)
16.2 (3.0)
NA
92 (65.7)
9 (6.4)
39 (27.9)
Fat (energy percentage)
29.6 (6.6)
NA
60 (80.0)
3 (4.0)
12 (16.0)
28.6 (7.6)
NA
118 (84.3)
5 (3.6)
17 (12.1)
Dietary fiber (g)
7.8 (4.8)
31.2
0 (0.0)
75 (100.0)
0 (0.0)
8 (4.8)
32.0
1 (0.7)
139 (99.3)
0 (0.0)
Calcium (mg)
492 (200)
62.5
18 (24.0)
57 (76.0)
0 (0.0)
444 (199)
55.2
26 (18.6)
114 (81.4)
0 (0.0)
Phosphorus (mg)
684 (200)
97.7
47 (62.7)
18 (24.0)
10 (13.3)
655 (147)
93.6
91 (65.0)
31 (21.1)
18 (12.9)
Sodium (mg)
1,967 (973)
135.3
b
54 (72.0)
0 (0.0)
21 (28.0)
2,021 (1,091)
168.4
b
95 (67.9)
0 (0.0)
45 (32.1)
Potassium (mg)
1,251 (549)
51.1
0 (0.0)
75 (100.0)
0 (0.0)
1,219 (501)
59.5
4 (2.9)
136 (97.1)
0 (0.0)
Iron (mg)
9.8 (5.1)
94.6
b
25 (33.3)
c
32 (42.7)
18 (24.0)
9.5 (3.3)
39.2
b
7 (5.0)
c
133 (95.0)
0 (0.0)
Vitamin A (µg)
346 (567)
49.5
8 (10.7)
50 (66.7)
17 (22.7)
316 (409)
52.6
16 (11.4)
95 (67.9)
29 (20.7)
Vitamin E (mg)
0.04 (0.4)
0.2
0 (0.0)
75 (100.0)
0 (0.0)
0.17 (0.4)
1.1
3 (2.1)
134 (95.8)
3 (2.1)
Vitamin B1 (mg)
0.9 (0.5)
74.3
b
24 (32.0)
45 (60.0)
6 (8.0)
0.9 (0.4)
79.7
b
49 (35.0)
71 (50.7)
20 (14.3)
Vitamin B2 (mg)
1.3 (.8)
96.9
b
26 (34.7)
26 (34.7)
23 (30.6)
1.2 (0.6)
110.6
b
55 (39.3)
28 (20.0)
57 (40.7)
Niacin (mg)
13.8 (4.5)
a
86.3
55 (73.3)
16 (21.3)
4 (5.3)
11.9 (4.1)
a
84.8
97 (69.3)
36 (25.7)
7 (5.0)
Vitamin C (mg)
64 (103)
71.4
41 (54.7)
34 (45.3)
0 (0.0)
68 (122)
90.5
69 (49.3)
71 (50.7)
0 (0.0)
Magnesium (mg)
15.8 (19.7)
a
6.7
b
0 (0.0)
75 (100.0)
0 (0.0)
22.9 (26.4)
a
10.3
b
0 (0.0)
140 (100.0)
0 (0.0)
Selenium (µg)
0.3 (1.1)
0.7
0 (0.0)
75 (100.0)
0 (0.0)
0.4 (0.7)
0.7
0 (0.0)
140 (100.0)
0 (0.0)
Zinc (mg)
2.1 (1.0)
a
16.1
b
0 (0.0)
75 (100.0)
0 (0.0)
2.3 (1.2)
a
33.5
b
0 (0.0)
140 (100.0)
0 (0.0)
values are for differences in median dietary intake between genders (Mann-Whitney test); significant differences shown in bold at value < 0.05.
b values are for differences in %DRIs between genders (Mann-Whitney test); significant differences shown in bold at value < 0.05.
c values are for differences in proportion of participants’ adherence to recommendations between genders (chi-square test); significant differences shown in bold at value < 0.05.
